启航考研英语长难句基础讲义Word格式文档下载.docx
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2.Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutat
lastwithabellyful(满肚子的)ofwordsanddonotknowathing.
3.Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocope
withworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty(肮脏的).
4.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,of
nationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.
二.短语或词组的并列(固定短语,成对的词组等)
5.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnor
asartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.
6.Themedicalprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totest
knowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcode
forhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainatthe
endoflife.
7.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.
三.句子并列
8.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,reorder,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.
9.Theinspectorate(检查团)stillfoundthatindustrialsafetyofficersdidnotcarryoutsystematicinspections,thatworkersdidnotunderstandtheeffectsthatradiationmighthaveonthem,andthat
managerswereuncertainaboutwhowasresponsibleforinspectingsomepipelines(管道)anddrains(排水沟).
10.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.
参考译文
1.实用性、常识以及与生俱有的智力这些素质一直被看作是比可以从书本里学到的任何东西都要高贵的品质。
2.我们在中小学和大学的教室里关了10年或15年,最后出来满肚子墨水,却啥也不懂。
3.自从人类萌发了创造力,他们就开始设计越来越精巧的工具来处理危险、乏味、累人或很肮脏的工作。
4.这一现象使得人们对小型经济实体和民族企业家的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定产生了严重的忧虑。
5.许多美国人随意表现出来的友好态度不应看作是在表面应付或故作姿态,而应当视为历史发展形成的一种文化传统。
6.医疗界正采取措施要求年轻医生在临终关怀区去接受培训,检验他们对剧痛治疗方法的知识,健全以医院治疗为基础的医疗保险法规,制定新标准来评估及测定和处理病人的临终痛苦。
7.因为现行联邦政府法律已经禁止使用联邦基金来培育供研究用的胚胎(即人类后代出生前的最早阶段)或禁止有意识地去危害胚胎的生命,所以NBAC的建议将不会涉及对胚胎的研究。
8.智力寻求的是理解、运用、整合和调节,而才学是审视、思考、探究、推理、批判和想象。
9.检查团仍然发现:
负责企业安全的官员没有进行系统性的检查,工人们不了解辐射可能对他们所产生的影响,以及经理们对谁负责检查管道和排水沟都不清楚。
10.另一相当类似的分化过程导致全国专业地质学家聚集起来,形成一两个全国性的团体,而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中,要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
03翻译真题演练:
11.Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.____________________________________________
第二节英语句子的扩展
-------添加修饰补充成分
英语句子中的修饰语种类多,数量大,是构成英语长、难句的主要因素。
若把英语句子中的SV,SVO看成是长句的主干,英语修饰语则可视为是主干上的分支,分支越多,句子就扩展得越长,理解起来难度就越大。
从句子构成的不同层次来看,英语修饰语属从属成分,其类型主要有定语,同位语和状语。
一、定语定语中后置定语(前置定语较易把握)对长句的理解构成干扰的多,它从属于中心成分,与被修饰的中心成分构成一个整体。
后置定语主要有分词短语(现在分词,过去分词),不定式短语,介词短语、形容词短语等几种类型。
它们反映了一种不同于汉语的思维习惯,是英语的特色之一。
汉语:
前置性思维习惯英语:
后置性思维习惯
修饰语+中心语+中心语+修饰语
熟悉并牢记下面5种后置定语,磨砺后置语感
Enrollmentinbusinessprograms,engineeringandcomputerscienceiswayupaspacetelescopewithamirroroversixandahalffeetindiameter(直径)anarticleonexercise’seffectonthebrain(运动对大脑影响的)anasteroid(小行星)bigenoughtodestroylotsoflifeinnumerable(无数的)devicespracticalforgeneraluseproduceabatterybothpowerfulandcheapenoughtodothejobhisfriends’attemptstodissuadehimfromgoinganyfurtherthefailuretoobservesafetyprocedures(程序)effortstoidentifyandtestmethodsofpreventingtransmissionfrommothertochildthecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemthosesufferingfrompersistentnightmares(经常性的噩梦)asysteminvolvingstorageoflargeamountsofdataproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements(大规模人口流动所引起的)thenumberofpeopleopposedtofoxhunting(反对猎杀狐狸的)dolls(娃娃)equippedwithpersonalitychips(个性芯片)
课堂练习:
识别以下句子中修饰中心名词的后置定语(黑体字表示谓语)
1.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestchildrencommitcrimesasarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.
2.Forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,thisreferstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.
3.AsuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.
4.Allobjectsfallingtoearthfromthesameheighthitthegroundwiththesamespeed.
5.DanielM.Landers,professorofexercisescienceatArizonaStateUniversity,recentlypublishedanarticlereviewingthescientificliteratureonactivity’seffectonthebrain.
6.Ourabilitytobenefitfromthishigh-techcommunicationsequipmentisgreatlyenhancedbyforeignlanguageskills.
7.Thepeopleeverywhereintheworldarelookingforthemethodstomaketheairclean.
8.Thefirstastronauttowalkinspace,Leonov,andhiscompanionBeliaiev,beganmakingpreparationforthewalkassoonastheirspaceshipwaslaunched.
9.Someonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlesswillgointooldagemorecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.
注意:
许多词组(如形容词词组,分词词组等)做后置定语时,通常可以扩充成从句,构成定语从句。
翻译真题演练:
03年48题
(48)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.
二,同位语同位语通常表现为后置修饰语,主要是对某些语句成分进行补充说明,或归纳定性,或具体描述。
熟悉以下各类型同位语:
10.Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacross(偶然碰到)CareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheinternet.
11.“Theindoorenvironmentwasdirtylongbeforeenergyconservation(保护,节约)camealong.”saysMoschandreas,apollutionscientistatGeometTechnologiesinMaryland.
12.Amongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplash(取得最大成功)inthisnewworldisStratford,Inc.,aprivateintelligenceanalysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.
13.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBonPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.
14.Somewomenarenormallyinactivebutthenallofasudden(突然)startaprogramofintensetraining,anactionwhichviolatesthelawsofsportsscience.
15.Todaythisknowledgeenablesustosendprobes(探测器)intothefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemandtoputthemonthesurfaceofthemoon—--thingsthatNewtoncouldonlyhavedreamedof.
16.TheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationreportsthatsulfur(硫磺)maycauseaslightincreaseintheacidity(酸性)ofrain,aneffectwhichwillbefeltmoreinruralareasthaninurbanareasalreadypolluted.
17.Ifone’sheartdoesn'
tworkwell,itcanbereplaced,somethingwhichwouldn'
thavebeenimpossiblewithoutthedevelopmentofmedicaltechnology.
除了各类型短语充当同位语外,从句也可充当同位语,构成同位语从句。
三.状语状语在句子中修饰动词,说明动作(或状态)发生(或存在)的时间、地点、方式、方法、原因、目的、条件、结果等方面的情况。
状语可由副词,形容词(短语),分词短语,不定式短语等充当。
18.Stratfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspyingtocorporationslikeenergy-servicesFirmMcDermottInternational.
19.Weeklywereadofunionswhowentonstrikeforhigherwages,onlytodrivetheiremployeroutofbusiness.
20.Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.
21.Thecompany’sinternationalbranchlost40%ofitsmarketshare,evenwhileofferingcompetitiverates.
22.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforewakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.
23.Gointothenegotiations,preparedtoplaceyourchips(谈判筹码)onthetableattheappropriatetimeandpreparedtousecommunicationstyletoguidethedirectionoftheinteraction.
24.Inspiteof/DespitevitaminC'
sgreatpopularity,consuminglargeamountsofitstillhasnotbeenpositivelylinkedtoanygreatbenefit.ThebodyquicklybecomessaturatedwithCandsimplyexcretes(排泄)anyexcess.
25.Consumerssaytheyarenotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.
26.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy----fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.
部分句子参考译文:
24.尽管维生素C受到人们的极大欢迎,但是吃大量维生素C仍然没有大的好处。
身体很快对维生素C饱和了,只不过排泄掉了过剩的部分。
25.新闻标题虽然够吓人的,但消费者依旧对自己的财产状况感觉相当良好,因此他们说他们并不悲观失望。
26.由于电子元器件和微型机器的不断小型化,已经出现了一些能做脑外科和骨科手术的机器人系统,其精确度已经达到了亚毫米,就是技术再娴熟的医生也不可能仅仅用手就能做到。
状语也可由从句充当状语,构成状语从句。
四.宾补宾补,顾名思义充当宾语的补充成分,它一般由形容词或名词来充当,宾语与宾补的关系实际上是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。
下列句子中斜体词做句子中的宾补
27.Thehumankind’slongsufferingfromfloodanddroughtmakestheidealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.
28.Manycommunities(社区)havealowliteracy(识字)rate,makingimpossiblehanding/passingoutAIDSliterature(资料)andexpectingpeopletoreadit.
29.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.
30.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordeposit