Native-American-Literature解读.pptx

Native-American-Literature解读.pptx

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TheHistoryofNativeAmericanLiterature,NativeAmericanliteraturewritteninthe18thand19thcenturyisconsideredaliteratureoftransitionbetweentheoraltraditionwhichflourishedbeforeEuropeansarrivedonthecontinentandthebeginningofthe1960swhentheNativeAmericanRenaissancebegan.Nineteenth-centuryliteratureauthoredbyNativeAmericanswastext-basedandwritteninEnglish,whichresultedprimarilybecauseoftheEnglishtaughtinmissionaryschools.Most18thand19thcenturywritersusedthecommonliterarygenreslikeautobiographyandthenovel,yetcombiningnarrativeswiththetraditionaltricksteroralstoryormythcreatingahybridliteraryform.,EarlyNativeAmericanwritingexhibitedthestruggletheyexperiencedbytheauthorstofindtheirownvoicewithinthecultureofAmerica,butitwaslaterinthe1960sthattheirwritingbegantoexpressthehumiliationfeltbyNativeAmericanpeoplesovertheir“lessthanhuman”treatmentbythedominantsociety.Theseearlywritersweredrivenbytheirawarenessofthepowerofwritingasatoolinchangingattitudes,butitwouldbealongtimebeforethiscouldovercomethedeepprejudicesshapedduringtheconflictsbetweenEuro-AmericansandNativesinthebloodyIndianWarsofthe18thand19thcenturies.,ShadowoftheOwl”paintedbyJohnGuthrie.TheimageofNativeAmericans,TheMajorFeaturesofNativeAmericanLiteratureThedominatingoralformexperienceliteraturebylistening,etc.Closelyconnectedwiththeirlifeandlivingnature,tribalaffairsAkindof“massliterature”assumingdiversetribal-socialfunctionsToadjusttherelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandman,bodyandspirit,etc.,toentertain,toeducate,tocurediseases,toencouragethewarriorsFromtheholinessofvoicetothesacrednessofliterature,NativeAmericanWriters,ThefirstNativeAmericanwritertobepublishedinEnglishwasSamsonOccom（Mohegan,1723-92）.AlthoughraisedasatypicalMoheganboy,at16hebegantostudyEnglish,wasconvertedtoChristianity,becameaschoolmastertoIndiansandthenservedasamissionaryamongNewEnglandIndians.His1771ASermonPreachedattheExecutionofMosesPaul,anIndianwentthrough19editions.,ThegenreinwhichmostNativeAmericanauthorsofthe19thand20thcenturieshavewrittenisautobiography.ThischoicerepresentsabreakwithoraltraditionbecausethepersonalnarrativeisnotpartofAmericanIndianoralliteratures.ManyNativeculturesconsidertalkingaboutoneselfinappropriate.WilliamApes（Pequot,b.1797）publishedthefirstautobiographywrittenbyanIndian,ASonoftheForest,TheExperiencesofWilliamApes,ANativeoftheForest.WrittenbyHimself（NewYork,Author,1829,expandedandrevised1831）.HisfinalworkwastheeloquentEulogyonKingPhilip,whichtraceswhiteabuseofNewEnglandIndiansinthe17thand18thcenturies.,GeorgeCopway（Ojibwe,1818-69）Life,HistoryandTravelsofKah-ge-ga-gah-bowh（1847）SarahWinnemuccaHopkins（Paiute,1844-91）LifeAmongthePiutes:

Theirwrongsandclaims（1883）,NativeAmericanNovel,JohnRollinRidgesTheLifeandAdventuresofJoaqunMurieta,theCelebratedCaliforniaBandit（1854）isconsideredtobethefirstnovelwritteninCalifornia,aswellasthefirstwrittenbyanAmericanIndian.TheLifeandAdventuresofJoaqunMurietawasextremelypopularandwaswidelypirated.Ridge,whoseCherokeenamewasYellowBird,wrotepoetrywhichdealswithnatureandthepoetsreactiontothenaturalenvironment.Ridgesexperienceswithnatureseemtranscendental,whichisfrequentlyseeninwritingbyearlyNativeAmericans.,ThefirstNativeAmericannoveldevotedtothesubjectofIndianlifeisO-gi-maw-kweMit-I-gwa-ki（QueenoftheWoods）（1899）bySimonPokagon（Potawatomi,1830-99）.PokagonwasdeterminedtoeducateawhiteaudienceabouttraditionalPotawatomilifebeforethecomingofwhitesandaboutthetragicchangesinthislifesufferedbythepeopleafterwhitesdispossessedthemanddebauchedthemwithalcohol.,NativeAmericanWomenWriters,S.AliceCallahanwrotethefirstnovelAChildoftheForest,whichwaspublishedin1891.ThenovelstresseshowawhitegirlsprogressiveadoptionofanidentifiablyNativeAmericanperspectiveenhancesherrelationshipwithaNativeAmericangirlnamedWynema.BoththewhitegirlnamedGenevieveandWynemalearnmoreaboutoneanothersculturalcustoms,andthiscross-culturalappreciationfortifiestheirlovingrelationship.SarahWinnemucca,anotherearlyNativeAmericanwomanwriterwroteapersonalandtribalhistorycalled“LifeamongthePiutes:

TheirWrongsandClaims”,LeslieSilko,LeslieSilko（born1948）isoneoftheforemostauthorstoemergefromtheNativeAmericanliteraryrenaissanceofthe1970s.SheblendswesternliteraryformswiththeoraltraditionsofherLagunaPuebloheritagetocommunicateNativeAmericanconceptsconcerningtime,nature,andspiritualityandtheirrelevanceinthecontemporaryworld.Lesli