现代语言学名词解释Word格式.docx

现代语言学名词解释Word格式.docx

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Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledesample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”

6Semantics:

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:

Thesealcouldnotbezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.

7Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.

8Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.

9Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyof 

languagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

二音系学1Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.2Phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.3Phone:

Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;

somedo,somedon’t.4Phoneme:

Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;

itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.5allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.6Complementarydistribution:

Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincompkenebtarydistribution.7Minimalpair:

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.8Stress:

Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.9tones:

Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;

therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.10intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish

三形态学1morphology:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2inflectionalmorphology:

Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.3derivationalmorphology:

Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.4morpheme:

Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.5freemorpheme:

Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.6boundmorpheme:

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.7root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;

itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;

itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.8affix:

Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.9prefix:

Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.10suffix:

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;

theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.11derivation:

Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatacanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.12compounding:

Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.

四句法学1linguisticcompetence:

Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.2sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.3transformationrules:

Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.4D-structure:

Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.5Moveа:

Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа

五语义学1semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.2sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;

itisabstractanddecontextualized.3reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguistic 

elementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.4synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.5polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonewordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.6antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.7homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.8hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.9componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.10grammaticalmeaning:

Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.11semanticmeaning:

Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.12predication:

Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

七历史语言学1historicallinguistics:

Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.2apocope:

Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.3epenthesis:

Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.4metathesis:

Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.5compounding:

Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.6derivation:

Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.7blending:

Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.8back-formation:

Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.9semanticbroadening:

Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation..10semanticnarrowing:

Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.11semanticshift:

Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquireanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.12protolanguage:

Itreferstoafamilyofalanguage.13soundshift:

Itreferstothesystematicmodificationofaseriesofphonemes.

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八社会语言学1sociolinguistics:

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontext.2speechcommunity:

Aspeechcommunityisthusdefinedasagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.3speechvariety:

Speechvariety,alsoknownaslanguagevariety,refers 

toanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.4languageplanning:

Onewayoutofthecommunicationdilemmaislanguagestandardizationknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,includingitspronunciationandspellingsystem,acrossregionalboundaries.5idiolect:

Suchapersonaldialectisreferedtoasidiolect.

6standardlanguage:

Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia.7nonstandardlanguage:

Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandar