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生物信息学课程复习Word格式文档下载.docx

2.genome---一个细胞、细胞器或病毒中的所有DNA(或RNA)Thegeneticmaterialofanorganism,containedinonehaploidsetofchromosomes.

3.Proteome-蛋白质组一个细胞内的全套蛋白质,反映特殊阶段、环境、状态下细胞或组织在翻译水平的蛋白质表达谱。

Theentirecollectionofproteinsthatareencodedbythegenomeofanorganism.Initiallytheproteomeisestimatedbygenepredictionandannotationmethodsbuteventuallywillberevisedasmoreinformationonthesequenceoftheexpressedgenesisobtained.

4.Proteomics(蛋白质组学)Systematicanalysisofproteinexpressionofnormalanddiseasedtissuesthatinvolvestheseparation,identificationandcharacterizationofalloftheproteinsinanorganism.

5.功能基因组学=以解释基因组的功能及控制机制为目标,核心问题:

基因组多样性,表达及调节,模式生物

6.比较基因组学=将不同物种基因组进行比较,有助于根据同源性方法分析基因组功能,有助于发现人类和其他生物的本质差异,探索遗传语言的奥秘

7.genomephysicalmapping(基因组物理作图)采用分子生物学技术直接检验DNA分子来作图以标示序列特征(基因等)在基因组上的位置。

遗传图的解析度和精确度较低,需物理图补充,单位:

bp,物理作图方法(很多,可大致分为3类)限制作图(restrictionmapping)限制性酶切图谱;

FISH(fluorescentinsituhybridization);

荧光原位杂交STSmapping。

数据量大,只能用计算机完成

8.遗传作图(geneticmapping)=采用遗传技术(杂交,谱系等)作图以标示序列特征(基因等)在基因组上的位置,单位:

cM,标记基因,分子/DNA标记:

RFLP,SSLP(小卫星/VNTR,微卫星),SNP,遗传作图方法:

连锁分析

9.基因芯片(genechip)=也叫DNAchip或microarray(微阵列),是由大量DNA或寡核苷酸探针密集排列所形成的探针阵列,将DNA短片段附着于固体(玻璃,塑料,硅等)表面以形成阵列,其工作的基本原理是通过杂交检测信息=Biochips(生物芯片)Miniaturizedarraysoflargenumbersofmolecularsubstrates,oftenoligonucleotides,inadefinedpattern.TheyarealsocalledDNAmicroarraysandmicrochips.

10.序列比对(sequencealignment)=为评价相似性(similarity)的程度或同源性(homology)的可能,将两个或更多的序列排列起来以得到最大一致性(identity)的过程。

一致性–序列相同的程度;

同源性–序列源于共同的祖先而产生的相似.共有序列(consensus)又称一致性片段,描述了功能位点每个位置上进化的保守性=Alignment(联配/比对/联配)Referstotheprocedureofcomparingtwoormoresequencesbylookingforaseriesofindividualcharactersorcharacterpatternsthatareinthesameorderinthesequences.Ofthetwotypesofalignment,localandglobal,alocalalignmentisgenerallythemostuseful.SeealsoLocalandGlobalalignments.

11.全局比对(globalalignment)=全局比对将两个序列从头到尾比较,以保证能找到较好的匹配,Needleman&

Wunsch(1970),是Dynamicprogramming(动态规划)方法对生物序列比对的最早运用,是一个逐步递增最优比对的方法:

步骤=建立矩阵,给矩阵打分,得到优化比对

12.局部比对(localalignment)-局部比对则找到优化匹配的子序列(subsequence),然后将其扩展到全局。

数据库搜索几乎都是使用局部比对,Smith&

Waterman(1981)解决了局部比对的问题,其实是Needleman-Wunsch算法的变种,其他一些算法(如BLAST,FASTA)更快,但是以牺牲部分精确性为代价

13.计分矩阵(scoringmatrix)=叫替换矩阵(substitutionmatrix),用来给一个比对打分,以衡量两个序列相似程度,由大量训练集比对产生,最有名的是PAM250和BLOSUM62=是BLAST的缺省矩阵,对于亲缘远的近的序列性能都很好

14.功能位点(functionalsite)DNA序列中,除基因外,还包含其它信息,如调控因子等,存放这些信息的DNA片段称为功能位点

15.基因调控网络,geneticregulatorynetworks=GRN

16.蛋白互作网络,Proteininteractionnetwork

17.代谢网络,Metabolicnetwork

18.Phylogeneticstudies(系统发育研究)

19.Paralogous(旁系同源)Homologoussequenceswithinasinglespeciesthatarosebygeneduplication.Genesthatarerelatedthroughgeneduplicationevents.Theseeventsmayleadtotheproductionofafamilyofrelatedproteinswithsimilarbiologicalfunctionswithinaspecies.Paralogousgenefamilieswithinaspeciesareidentifiedbyusinganindividualproteinasaqueryinadatabasesimilaritysearchoftheentireproteomeofanorganism.Theprocessisrepeatedfortheentireproteomeandtheresultingsetsofrelatedproteinsarethensearchedforclustersthataremostlikelytohaveaconserveddomainstructureandshouldrepresentaparalogousgenefamily.

20.Orthologous(直系同源)=Homologoussequencesindifferentspeciesthatarosefromacommonancestralgeneduringspeciation;

mayormaynotberesponsibleforasimilarfunction.Apairofgenesfoundintwospeciesareorthologouswhentheencodedproteinsare60-80%identicalinanalignment.Theproteinsalmostcertainlyhavethesamethree-dimensionalstructure,domainstructure,andbiologicalfunction,andtheencodinggeneshaveoriginatedfromacommonancestorgeneatanearlierevolutionarytime.Twoorthologs1andIIingenomesAandB,respectively,maybeidentifiedwhenthecompletegenomesoftwospeciesareavailable:

(1)inadatabasesimilaritysearchofalloftheproteomeofBusingIasaquery,IIisthebesthitfound,and

(2)Iisthebesthitwhen11isusedasaqueryoftheproteomeofB.Thebesthitisthedatabasesequencewiththehighestexpectvalue(E).Orthologyisalsopredictedbyaveryclosephylogeneticrelationshipbetweensequencesorbyaclusteranalysis.ComparetoParalogs.SeealsoClusteranalysis.

21.Database(数据库)=Acomputerizedstorehouseofdatathatprovidesastandardizedwayforlocating,adding,removing,andchangingdata.SeealsoObject-orienteddatabase,Relationaldatabase.

22.Contig(序列重叠群/拼接序列)=Asetofclonesthatcanbeassembledintoalinearorder.ADNAsequencethatoverlapswithanothercontig.Thefullsetofoverlappingsequences(contigs)canbeputtogethertoobtainthesequenceforalongregionofDNAthatcannotbesequencedinoneruninasequencingassay.Importantingeneticmappingatthemolecularlevel.

23.COG(直系同源簇)Clustersoforthologousgroupsinasetofgroupsofrelatedsequencesinmicroorganismandyeast(S.cerevisiae).Thesegroupsarefoundbywholeproteomecomparisonsandincludeorthologsandparalogs.SeealsoOrthologsandParalogs.

24.Codonusage=Analysisofthecodonsusedinaparticulargeneororganism.

25.BACclone(细菌人工染色体克隆)=BacterialartificialchromosomevectorcarryingagenomicDNAinsert,typically100–200kb.Mostofthelarge-insertclonessequencedintheprojectwereBACclones.

26.Accessionnumber(记录号)=AuniqueidentifierthatisassignedtoasingledatabaseentryforaDNAorproteinsequence.

27.Alignmentscore(联配/比对/联配值)=Analgorithmicallycomputedscorebasedonthenumberofmatches,substitutions,insertions,anddeletions(gaps)withinanalignment.ScoresformatchesandsubstitutionsArederivedfromascoringmatrixsuchastheBLOSUMandPAMmatricesforproteins,andaftinegappenaltiessuitableforthematrixarechosen.Alignmentscoresareinlogoddsunits,oftenbitunits(logtothebase2).Higherscoresdenotebetteralignments.SeealsoSimilarityscore,Distanceinsequenceanalysis.

28.Annotation(注释)=Thepredictionofgenesinagenome,includingthelocationofprotein-encodinggenes,thesequenceoftheencodedproteins,anysignificantmatchestootherProteinsofknownfunction,andthelocationofRNA-encodinggenes.Predictionsarebasedongenemodels;

e.g.,hiddenMarkovmodelsofintronsandexonsinproteinsencodinggenes,andmodelsofsecondarystructureinRNA.

29.基因组组装(genomeassembly):

将大量短序列拼装成完整基因组的过程

30.FTP(FileTransferProtocol)(文件传输协议)AllowsapersontotransferfilesfromonecomputertoanotheracrossanetworkusinganFTP-capableclientprogram.TheFTPclientprogramcanonlycommunicatewithmachinesthatrunanFTPserver.Theserver,inturn,willmakeaspecificportionofitstilesystemavailableforFTPaccess,providingthattheclientisabletosupplyarecognizedusernameandpasswordtotheserver.

二、英译汉

Genomics基因组学,proteomics蛋白质组学,基因调控网络=geneticregulatorynetworks=GRN,蛋白互作网络,Proteininteractionnetwork,代谢网络,Metabolicnetwork.

比较基因组学(comparativegenomics),结构基因组学(Struturalgenomics,2001),功能基因组学(Functionalgenomics),系统生物学(systembiology),系统树重建(phylogenicreconstruction),功能序列(functionalsequence)、序列模式/模体/基元/基序(motif)、信号(signal),启动子(promoter),基因终止序列(terminatorsequence),剪切位点(splicesite),enhancer增强子,operator(操纵子),转录起始位点(transcriptioninitiationsite),转录终止位点(transcriptionstopsite),翻译起始(translationinitiation),编码区(codingregion)=CodingregionofDNA=CDS.,翻译终止,(translationstop),识别区(recognitionregion),5’UTR(untranslatedregion),3’UTR,密码子用法(codonusage),剪切位点(splicing),Exon(外显子),intron=内含子,Alignment(联配/比对/联配),DNAmicroarrays(芯片)=biochips,Conservation(保守),Consensus(一致序列)=Asinglesequencethatrepresents,ateachsubsequentposition,thevariationfoundwithincorrespondingcolumnsofamultiplesequencealignment.,DNASequencing(DNA测序),Domain(功能域),Dotmatrix(点标矩阵图),Draftgenomesequence(基因组序列草图),Expectvalue(E)(E值),ExpressedSequenceTag(EST),(表达序列标签)=Randomlyselected,partialcDNAsequence;

representsit'

scorrespondingmRNA.dbESTisalargedatabaseofESTsatGenBank,NCBI.FASTA(一种主要数据库搜索程序),Fullshotgunclone(鸟枪法克隆)=Alarge-insertcloneforwhichfullshotgunsequencehasbeenproduced.gap(空位/间隙/缺口),Geneticmap(遗传图谱),Globalalignment(整体联配)=Attemptstomatchasmanycharactersaspossible,fromendtoend,inaset,oftwoormoresequences.Localalignment(局部联配)=Attemptstoalignregionsofsequenceswiththehighestdensityofmatches,indoingso,oneormoreislandsofsubalignmentsarecreatedinthealignedsequences.GSS(基因综述,调查序列)=Genomesurveysequence.HGMP(人类基因组图谱计划)=HumanGenomeMappingProject.Homology(同源性)=Asimilarcomponentintwoorganisms(e.g.,geneswithstronglysimilarsequences)thatcanbeattributedtoacommonancestorofthetwoorganismsduringevolution.HTGS/HGT(高通量基因组序列)

High-throughoutgenomesequences.Identity(相同性/相同率)=Theextenttowhichtwo(nucleotideoraminoacid)sequencesareinvariant.MMDB(分子建模数据库)=MolecularModellingDatabase.AtaxonomyassigneddatabaseofPDBfiles,andrelatedinformation.

MultipleSequenceAlignment(多序列联配)=Analignmentofthreeormoresequenceswithgapsinsertedintheseq

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