胡壮麟 Chapter 09文档格式.docx

胡壮麟 Chapter 09文档格式.docx

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⏹Phraseology

⏹Grammar

⏹Implicature

2.Foregrounding

⏹The1960dreamofhighriselivingsoonturnedintoanightmare.

⏹Fourstoreyshavenowindowslefttosmash

Butinthefifthachippedsillbuttresses

Motheranddaughterthelastmistresses

Ofthatblackblockcondemnedtostand,notcrash.

Thered-hairedwoman,smiling,wavingtothedisappearingshore.Sheleftthemaharajah;

sheleftinnumerableotherlightso’passingloveintownsandcitiesandtheatresandrailwaystationsallovertheworld.ButMelchiorshedidnotleave.

2.1Whatis‘foregrounding’?

⏹Inapurelylinguisticsense,theterm‘foregrounding’isusedtorefertonewinformation,incontrasttoelementsinthesentencewhichformthebackgroundagainstwhichthenewelementsaretobeunderstoodbythelistener/reader.

⏹Inthewidersenseofstylistics,textlinguistics,andliterarystudies,itisatranslationoftheCzechaktualisace（actualization）,atermcommonwiththePragueStructuralists.

⏹Inthissenseithasbecomeaspatialmetaphor:

thatofaforegroundandabackground,whichallowsthetermtoberelatedtoissuesinperceptionpsychology,suchasfigure/groundconstellations.

⏹TheEnglishterm‘foregrounding’hascometomeanseveralthingsatonce:

⏹the（psycholinguistic）processesbywhich-duringthereadingact-somethingmaybegivenspecialprominence;

⏹specificdevices（asproducedbytheauthor）locatedinthetextitself.Itisalsoemployedtoindicatethespecificpoeticeffectonthereader;

⏹ananalyticcategoryinordertoevaluateliterarytexts,ortosituatethemhistorically,ortoexplaintheirimportanceandculturalsignificance,ortodifferentiateliteraturefromothervarietiesoflanguageuse,suchaseverydayconversationsorscientificreports.

⏹Thusthetermcoversawideareaofmeaning.

⏹Thismayhaveitsadvantages,butmayalsobeproblematic:

whichoftheabovemeaningsisintendedmustoftenbededucedfromthecontextinwhichthetermisused.

2.2DevicesofForegrounding

⏹Outsideliterature,languagetendstobeautomatized;

itsstructuresandmeaningsareusedroutinely.

⏹Withinliterature,however,thisisopposedbydeviceswhichthwarttheautomatismwithwhichlanguageisread,processed,orunderstood.

⏹Generally,twosuchdevicesmaybedistinguished,deviationandparallelism.

⏹Deviationcorrespondstothetraditionalideaofpoeticlicense:

thewriterofliteratureisallowed-incontrasttotheeverydayspeaker-todeviatefromrules,maxims,orconventions.

⏹Thesemayinvolvethelanguage,aswellasliterarytraditionsorexpectationssetupbythetextitself.

⏹Theresultissomedegreeofsurpriseinthereader,andhis/herattentionistherebydrawntotheformofthetextitself（ratherthantoitscontent）.

⏹Casesofneologism,livemetaphor,orungrammaticalsentences,aswellasarchaisms,paradox,andoxymoron（thetraditionaltropes）areclearexamplesofdeviation.

⏹Devicesofparallelismarecharacterizedbyrepetitivestructures:

（partof）averbalconfigurationisrepeated（orcontrasted）,therebybeingpromotedintotheforegroundofthereader'

sperception.

⏹Traditionalhandbooksofpoeticsandrhetorichavesurveyedanddescribed（underthecategoryoffiguresofspeech）awidevarietyofsuchformsofparallelism,e.g.,rhyme,assonance,alliteration,meter,semanticsymmetry,orantistrophe.

3.Literallanguageandfigurativelanguage

⏹Friends,RomansandCountrymen,lendmeyourears…

AnthonyinShakespeare’s

JuliusCaesar

3.1Simile

O,myluveislikeared,redrose,

That’snewlysprunginJune;

O,myluveislikethemelodie

That’ssweetlyplay’dintune.

RobertBurns

（1759-96）

3.2Metaphor

Alltheworld’sastage,

Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;

Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances.

Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,

Hisactsbeingsevenages…

WilliamShakespeare

（1564-1616）

3.3Metonymy

Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;

Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;

SceptreandCrown

Musttumbledown

Andinthedustbeequalmade

WiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.

JamesShirley（1596-1666）

3.4Synecdoche

⏹Theywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.（partforwhole）

⏹Haveyouanycoppers?

（materialforthingmade）

⏹Heisapoorcreature.（genusforspecies）

⏹HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.（individualforclass）

⏹Namethekindoftrope:

⏹Theboywasascunningasafox.

⏹...theinnocentsleep,...thedeathofeachday'

slife,...（Shakespeare）

⏹BuckinghamPalacehasalreadybeentoldthetrainmaybeaxedwhentherailnetworkhasbeenprivatised.（DailyMirror,2February1993）

⏹TedDexterconfessedlastnightthatEnglandareinarightoldspinastohowtheycanbeatIndiathiswinter.（DailyMirror,2February1993）

4.Analysisofliterarylanguage

⏹Foregroundingontheleveloflexis

⏹Foregroundingonthelevelofsyntax:

wordorder,wordgroups,deviantormarkedstructures

⏹Rewritingforcomparativestudies

⏹Meaning

⏹Context

⏹Figurativelanguage

5.Thelanguageofpoetry

LittleBo-peep

Haslosthersheep

Anddoesn’tknowwheretofindthem

Leavethemalone

Andtheywillcomehome

Wagglingtheirtailsbehindthem

Fairisfoulandfoulisfair

Hoverthroughwindandmurkyair

Hark!

Theheraldangelssing

GlorytothenewbornKing!

5.1Formsofsoundpatterning

⏹Rhyme

⏹Alliteration

⏹Assonance

⏹Consonance

⏹Reverserhyme

⏹Pararhyme

⏹Repetition

⏹Rhyme:

⏹twowordsrhymeiftheirfinalstressedvowelandallfollowingsoundsareidentical;

⏹twolinesofpoetryrhymeiftheirfinalstrongpositionsarefilledwithrhymingwords.

|Humpty|Dumpty|satona|wall

|Humpty|Dumpty|hadagreat|fall

|Alltheking’s|horsesand|alltheking’s|men

|Couldn’tput|Humptyto|gethera|gain

⏹Alliteration:

repetitionoftheinitialconsonantofaword

⏹Magazinearticles:

“SciencehasSpoiledmySupper”and“TooMuchTalentinTennessee?

”

⏹Comic/cartooncharacters:

BeetleBailey,DonaldDuck

⏹Restaurants:

CoffeeCorner,SushiStation

⏹Expressions:

busyasabee,deadasadoornail,goodasgold,rightasrain,etc...

⏹Music:

Blackalicious'

“AlphabetAerobics”

⏹Assonance:

Repetitionofvowelsoundstocreateinternalrhymingwithinphrasesorsentences

⏹Thesoundofthegroundisanoun.

⏹Hearthemellowweddingbells.（Poe）

⏹Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees（Tennyson）

⏹Thecrumblingthunderofseas（Stevenson）

⏹Thatsolitudewhichsuitsabstrusermusings（Coleridge）

⏹DeadindamiddleoflittleItaly,littledid

weknowthatweriddledsomemiddlemen

whodidn'

tdodiddily.（BigPun）

⏹Consonance:

Therepetitionoftwoormoreconsonantsusingdifferentvowelswithinwords.

⏹AllmammalsnamedSamareclammy

⏹Andthesilkensaduncertainrustlingofeachpurplecurtain（Poe）

⏹Raprejectsmytapedeck,ejectsprojectile/WhetherjeworgentileIranktoppercentile.（Hip-hopmusic）

⏹Reverserhyme:

CVC

⏹Coca-Cola;

Hoolahoops

⏹Suchstormscanbringyoutothebrinkofallyoufear

Restorewhatfaithyoucaninfadedhopesandfeel

⏹Pararhyme（Framerhyme）:

⏹Eachsturdysteed-likesoldierrankedthefield

Withfearsomefacesseldomseendefiled

⏹RichRhyme:

CVC

⏹Whatdoesitavailyoutoprevailineveryaffair

Whennothingyou’vegainedcanberegainedasspiritualfare

⏹Repetition:

⏹“Words,words,words.”（Hamlet）

⏹“This,itseemedtohim,wastheend,theendofaworldashehadknownit...”（JamesOliverCurwood）

⏹“Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills…weshallneversurrender.”（