胡壮麟 Chapter 09文档格式.docx

1、 Phraseology Grammar Implicature 2. Foregrounding The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare. Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.The red-h

2、aired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left innumerable other lights o passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.2.1 What is foregrounding? In a purely linguistic sense, the term

3、foregrounding is used to refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader. In the wider sense of stylistics, text linguistics, and literary studies, it is a translation of the Czec

4、h aktualisace （actualization）, a term common with the Prague Structuralists. In this sense it has become a spatial metaphor: that of a foreground and a background, which allows the term to be related to issues in perception psychology, such as figure / ground constellations. The English term foregro

5、unding has come to mean several things at once: the （psycholinguistic） processes by which - during the reading act - something may be given special prominence; specific devices （as produced by the author） located in the text itself. It is also employed to indicate the specific poetic effect on the r

6、eader; an analytic category in order to evaluate literary texts, or to situate them historically, or to explain their importance and cultural significance, or to differentiate literature from other varieties of language use, such as everyday conversations or scientific reports. Thus the term covers

7、a wide area of meaning. This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used. 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding Outside literature, language tends to be automatized; its structures and meanings

8、are used routinely. Within literature, however, this is opposed by devices which thwart the automatism with which language is read, processed, or understood. Generally, two such devices may be distinguished, deviation and parallelism. Deviation corresponds to the traditional idea of poetic license:

9、the writer of literature is allowed - in contrast to the everyday speaker - to deviate from rules, maxims, or conventions. These may involve the language, as well as literary traditions or expectations set up by the text itself. The result is some degree of surprise in the reader, and his / her atte

10、ntion is thereby drawn to the form of the text itself （rather than to its content）. Cases of neologism, live metaphor, or ungrammatical sentences, as well as archaisms, paradox, and oxymoron （the traditional tropes） are clear examples of deviation. Devices of parallelism are characterized by repetit

11、ive structures: （part of） a verbal configuration is repeated （or contrasted）, thereby being promoted into the foreground of the readers perception. Traditional handbooks of poetics and rhetoric have surveyed and described （under the category of figures of speech） a wide variety of such forms of para

12、llelism, e.g., rhyme, assonance, alliteration, meter, semantic symmetry, or antistrophe. 3. Literal language and figurative language Friends, Romans and Countrymen, lend me your earsAnthony in Shakespeares Julius Caesar3.1 SimileO, my luve is like a red, red rose,Thats newly sprung in June;O, my luv

13、e is like the melodieThats sweetly playd in tune.Robert Burns（1759-96） 3.2 MetaphorAll the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances.And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages William Shakespeare（1564-1616）3.3 MetonymyTh

14、ere is no armour against fate;Death lays his icy hand on kings;Sceptre and CrownMust tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked Scythe and Spade.James Shirley （1596-1666）3.4 Synecdoche They were short of hands at harvest time. （part for whole） Have you any coppers? （material for t

15、hing made） He is a poor creature. （genus for species） He is the Newton of this century. （individual for class） Name the kind of trope: The boy was as cunning as a fox. .the innocent sleep,. the death of each days life,. （Shakespeare） Buckingham Palace has already been told the train may be axed when

16、 the rail network has been privatised. （Daily Mirror, 2 February 1993） Ted Dexter confessed last night that England are in a right old spin as to how they can beat India this winter. （Daily Mirror, 2 February 1993） 4. Analysis of literary language Foregrounding on the level of lexis Foregrounding on

17、 the level of syntax: word order, word groups, deviant or marked structures Rewriting for comparative studies Meaning Context Figurative language5. The language of poetry Little Bo-peep Has lost her sheep And doesnt know where to find them Leave them alone And they will come home Waggling their tail

18、s behind themFair is foul and foul is fairHover through wind and murky airHark! The herald angels singGlory to the newborn King!5.1 Forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repetition Rhyme: two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all follow

19、ing sounds are identical; two lines of poetry rhyme if their final strong positions are filled with rhyming words. |Humpty |Dumpty |sat on a |wall|Humpty |Dumpty |had a great |fall|All the kings |horses and |all the kings |men|Couldnt put |Humpty to|gether a|gain Alliteration: repetition of the init

20、ial consonant of a word Magazine articles: “Science has Spoiled my Supper” and “Too Much Talent in Tennessee?” Comic/cartoon characters: Beetle Bailey, Donald Duck Restaurants: Coffee Corner, Sushi Station Expressions: busy as a bee, dead as a doornail, good as gold, right as rain, etc. Music: Black

21、alicious “Alphabet Aerobics” Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences The sound of the ground is a noun. Hear the mellow wedding bells. （Poe） And murmuring of innumerable bees （Tennyson） The crumbling thunder of seas （Stevenson） That solitude which

22、 suits abstruser musings （Coleridge） Dead in da middle of little Italy, little did we know that we riddled some middle men who didnt do diddily. （Big Pun） Consonance: The repetition of two or more consonants using different vowels within words. All mammals named Sam are clammy And the silken sad unc

23、ertain rustling of each purple curtain （Poe） Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile / Whether jew or gentile I rank top percentile. （Hip-hop music） Reverse rhyme: C V C Coca-Cola; Hoola hoops Such storms can bring you to the brink of all you fearRestore what faith you can in faded hopes and fee

24、l Pararhyme （Frame rhyme）: Each sturdy steed-like soldier ranked the fieldWith fearsome faces seldom seen defiled Rich Rhyme: C V C What does it avail you to prevail in every affairWhen nothing youve gained can be regained as spiritual fare Repetition: “Words, words, words.” （Hamlet） “This, it seemed to him, was the end, the end of a world as he had known it.” （James Oliver Curwood） “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills we shall never surrender.” （