Unit 2 critical thinkingWord文件下载.docx
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26,2007
Berkeley,CA
Incollegeeducationandindailylife,criticalthinkingisofvitalimportance.RichardPaul,inthefollowingsection,givesanenlighteningdiscussionoftheissue.
Whatiscriticalthinking?
Therearemanywaystodefineit.Itisasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem.Itopensupbusiness,chemistry,andsportsliketennisandbasketball.Itopensupprofessionalpractice.Itopensupethnicsandenablesustoseethroughideology.Itenablesustoputthingsintointellectualperspective它让我们以知识的眼光看待事物.Asystemthatopensupsystemsisonewaytothinkofcriticalthinking.开发各种系统的系统,这是看待批判性思维的一种方式。
Hereisthefirstdefinitionofcriticalthinking.
Or,criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought分析思想,thatassessesthought评估思想,andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter升华思想的思维.
Hereistheseconddefinitionofcriticalthinking.
There’sathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinkingoverlappingandrelatedtotheothertwo.
It’sthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter.
Hereisthethirddefinitionofcriticalthinking.
Everyonethinks.
Wehavenochoiceaboutthat.But,noteverybodythinksabouttheirthinking.Andnoteveryonewhothinksabouttheirthinkingthinksaboutitwell.Youcanworryaboutyourthinking.
Youcanthinkbadlyofyourthinking.Youcanbeembarrassedbyyourthinking.Youcanfocusonitinadysfunctionalway你可以以功能失调的方式关注你的思维—thatisnotcriticalthinking.
Thismorning,let’sthinkaboutitasawayofthinkingthatenablesathinkertothinkregularlyatahigherlevelthanmostpeoplearecapableofthinking.Inotherwords,criticalthinking,asIamconceivingit,transformsthinkingintwodirections把思维导致两个方向.Youthinkmoresystematicallyasaresult.Andyouthinkmorecomprehensivelyasaresult.Andinthinkingmorecomprehensively,youthinkatahigherlevel.Notbecauseyouareatahigherlevelasaperson,butbecauseyouareabletoputthinkingintothebackgroundandseeit=thinkinginalarger,morecomprehensiveframework.
Forexample,weneed
todiscovertheextenttowhichourthinkingisboundbyaculture受文化的约束.Culturesaregoodinmanyways.But,totheextentthattheylockusintooneway使我们局限于某一视角oflookingattheworld,weneedtotranscendthem我们需要超越文化.Weneedtothinkbeyondthem.Whyisthisimportant?
It’simportantbecausewe,ascreatures,aredeeplydetermined深深地受到(我们思维方式)的左右—inourlife,andinourbehavior,andinourcharacter,andinotherways–aredeterminedbyourthinking.
Wehavenochoicebuttobegovernedbythought.Thequestionis,dowegovernthethoughtthatgovernsus我们控制了那些控制我们的思想了吗?
Ideascontrolus.观念控制着我们Dowecontrolthem?
Ideascontrolourthinking.Soinordertothinkcritically,weneedtogetridofideas.
Reversingtheprocesssothatwe’reinthedriver’sseat将这个过程倒过来,这样我们就坐在驾驶座上—sothatwe’redoingthethinkingweneedtodoaswellaswecan–iswhatcriticalthinkingisabout.Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithal方法toraiseourcollectivethinking激发我们的集体思维soastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld.
ThetaskbeforeuscollectivelyisaHerculean[ˌhɜːkjuˈliːən]大力神的,力大无比的,费力的one.Thetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocieties.Theideaofacriticalsocietydatesbackmanyhundredyears,butitwasverypointedlycalledfor明确提出in1906,byWilliamGrahamSumner,thegreatanthropologist,whoemphasizedinhisseminal开创性的,种子的book,"
Folkways,"
《民俗论》thatifacriticalsocietyexisted–thatis,asocietyinwhichcriticalthinkingwasamajorsocialvalue–ifsuchasocietyweretoemerge,itwouldtransformeverydimensionoflifeandpractice.Wearefarfromsuchasociety,butweneedtothinkaboutit.Itneedstobepartofourvision.Thestructureofthisconferencesuggestssomeofthemostimportantdimensionsofthisvision.
Ifyouthinkaboutthetaskofdevelopingcriticalthinking,donotthinkthattaskisgoingtobeaccomplishedeasilywithoutfacingbarrierstocriticalthought,amongstwhicharethefollowing.Humanegocentricity,ourtendencytothinkwithourselvesatthecenteroftheworld.Sociocentricity,ourtendencytothinkwithintheconfinesofoursocialgroups.Self-delusion,ourtendencytocreatepicturesoftheworldthatdeceiveusandothers.Narrow-mindedness,whereinwethinkofourselvesasbroad,deep,andintouchwithrealitywhen,ifonlyweunderstood,wewouldseeourselvesasnarrowandlimited.
Or,thinkofthebarrieroffear.Fearunderminesthinking,feardrivesustothelowestlevelsofthought,fearmakesusdefensive.Itmakesuslittleandpetty.Andthenthereishumaninsecurity.And,then
humanhabits,ourtendenciestogothroughthesameoldpatternsofthoughtandbehaviorandbedominatedbythem;
ourinabilitytotargetournegativehabitsandreplacethem
withpositivehabits.Thenthereisroutine:
Ordinaryroutine.
Whenyougobacktoyourhomeenvironment,ordinaryroutinewillclickinandmanyofyouwillfindthatthethingsyouintendedtodo,thechangesyouintendedtomake,somehowareswallowedupintheordinaryroutineofthings.Andconnectedtoroutinethereisahugeobstacle:
bureaucracy.Wehavecreatedallkindsoflevelsofmonitoringandtestingandcontrollingandlimitingandsanctioning,ordering,definingourbehaviorandourthoughts.And,veryoftenthebureaucratforgetsthepurposeforwhichtheinstitutionexists.
Thenforuswhoareteaching,studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle,becausecriticalthinkingasksthosestudentstolearninanewway.Anditisawaythatisnotcomfortabletomostofthem.Ourthinkingislimitedbymistakennotions,byignorance,byourlimitedknowledge,andbystubbornness,ouractivatedignorance.
Andfinally,ourresistancetodoingtheintellectualworknecessarytocriticalthinking.
Weneedhundredsofmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldwhohavelearnedtotakeandinternalizethefoundationsofcriticalthought.
Thiscanbedoneonlyperson-by-personthroughaprocess,whichwecallintellectualwork.Thinkofthe"
ElementsofThought:
"
Eachelementplaysacrucialroleinthought.Whatisourpurpose?
Whatquestionsareweraising?
Whatinformationareweusing?
Whatassumptionsarewemaking?
Whatdataarewegathering?
Whatdatadowenothave?
Giventhedatathatwehave,whatisittellingus?
And,whenwecometoconclusionsaboutthedata,whatdothoseconclusionsimply?
Withinwhatpointofviewarewethinking?
Doweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?
Wherecanwegetaccesstosuchpointsofview?
Questionslikethisarequestionsthatembodytheelementsinveryimportantways.Theyarecrucialquestions.But,areweinthehabitofaskingthem?
There'
sawonderfulbookonhistoricalthinkingbyCarr.Thetitleofthebookis"
WhatisHistory?
ThisbookwaswrittenIthinkinthelater'
30s,orpossibly'
40s,
ofthelastcenturyand,init,Carrarguesthatthereisnolongersuchathingas"
ourhistory."
Thereareonly"
histories."
Toconstructahistoryistotellastoryaboutthepast,but,asCarrremindsus,thereareinfinitenumbersofstoriesthatcouldbetold.
Whichstoryisimportant?
Theconstructionofhistoryrequiresvaluejudgments.Itrequiresthatweconsiderwhosestoryneedstobetold.
And,whenthatstoryistoldweneedtocriticallyconsiderwhatitistellingus;
whatisitteachingus.Inwhichcase,then,ifweunderstoodCarr,wewouldrealizethatweareallhistoricalthinkers.
We'
renotallhistorians,butweallhaveahistory.Andthehistorycandominateus,orwecanuseittoouradvantage.Ourthinkingproducesit.
Thenwhatstandardsdoyouusetoassessyourthinkingandthethinkingofothers?
NowMostwillsay,Idon'
tknowwhatyou'
retalkingabout.Whatdoyoumeanstandardsofassessmentinthinking?
Notmanypeoplerespondwithananswerlike:
“Iusethestandardsofclarity,accuracy,precision,relevance,depth,breadth,logicandfairness.”
Criticalthinkingisnotoneisolatedskill.Itisnotevenarandomlistofskills.It'
sanorchestratedwayofthinkingthatenablesyoutodecomposeyourthinkingatanymoment.Itencompassesbasicstructuresintegratedtogetherintoawhole.
Itassessthinkingforitsquality,foritsclarity,foritsaccuracy,foritsprecision,
foritsrelevance.
Itraisesthinkingtherebytoahigherquality.
Itmakesitbetter.Criticalthinkingisawayofteaching,awayoflearning,awayofbeingintheworldinwhichthethinkerself-monitorsand
self-assesses.
TheAmericanMedicalAssociationdidalargestudythatwaspublishedfouryearsagoonunnecessarydeathsduetothefailureofmedicalpractitionerstodowhatiscalledforinstandardpractice.
HowmanyAmericansdiedunnecessarilybecausetheirmedicalpractitioners
—theirdoctorsandnurses
—didthewrongthingandpeoplediedasaresult?
AccordingtotheAmericanMedicalAssociation,somewherearound50,000everyyear.Whyaresomanypeopledying
throughmalpractice?
They'
redyingbecauseofthewaywehaveeducatedmedicalpractitioners.Theyarenotlearningtothinkcriticallyaboutwhatthey'
redoing.
Theyarenotlearningtomonitortheirbehavioraccordingly.
Theyarefailingtofollowbasicgoodpractice.
Theyareoversimplifying,jumpingtoconclusions,makingfaultyinferences,misconceptualizing,etc....Somediagnosisisputintotherecordandthenapatientistrapp