关于英美文学重点名词解释汇总.doc

关于英美文学重点名词解释汇总.doc

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AmericanPuritanism

PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch,whocameintoexistenceinthereignsQueenElizabethandKingJamesⅠ.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.

CharacteristicsofLocalColor

1.Settingsarefrequentlyremoteandinaccessible

2.Charactersmaybecomecharactertypes,sometimesquaintorstereotypical.

3.Thenarratoristypicallyaneducatedobserverfromtheworldbeyond

4.Storiesmayrevolvearoundthecommunityanditsrituals.

5.Anantipathytochangeandanostalgiaforanalways-pastgoldenage

Darwinism

SocialDarwinismisabeliefthatsocietiesandindividualhumanbeingscompeteinastruggleforexistenceinwhichnaturalselectionresultsin“struggleofthefittest.”SocialDarwinistsbasetheirbeliefsontheoriesofevolutiondevelopedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwin.SocialDarwiniststypicallydenythattheyadvocatea“lawofjungle.”Butmostproposeargumentsthatjustifyimbalancesofpowerbetweenindividuals,races,andnations,becausetheyconsidersomemorefittosurvivethanothers.ThetheoryhadproducedabigimpactonNaturalism.

EmersonianTranscendentalism

EmersonianTranscendentalismisactuallyaphilosophicalschoolwhichabsorbedsomeideologicalconcernsofAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism,withitsfocusontheintuitiveknowledgeofhumanbeingstograsptheabsoluteintheuniverseandthedivinityofman.Inhisessays,Emersonputforwardhisphilosophyoftheover-soul,theimportanceoftheIndividual,andNature.

Expressionism

Expressionismisusedtodescribetheworksofartandliteratureinwhichtherepresentationofrealityisdistortedtocommunicateaninnervision,transformingnatureratherthanimitatingit.Inliteratureitisoftenconsideredarevoltagainstrealismandnaturalism,aseekingtoachieveapsychologicalorspiritualrealityratherthantorecordexternalevents.

Hawthorne'sviewofPuritanism:

Hawthorne'sviewofmanandhumanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inPuritanism.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.Hebelievedthat"thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones,"andoftenwonderedifhemighthaveinheritedsomeoftheirguilt.

LocalColorism

Post-CivilWarAmericawaslargeanddiverseenoughtosenseitsownlocaldifferences.Regionalvoiceshademerged.“localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.

Naturalism

Inliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthofl9th–centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.

NewEnglandTranscendentalism

NewEnglandTranscendentalismisthemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiod.ItwasstartedintheareaaroundConcord,Mass.byagroupofintellectualandtheliterarymenoftheUnitedStatessuchasEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauwhoweremembersofaninformalclub,i.e.theTranscendentalClubinNewEnglandinthel830s.

Thetranscendentalistsreactedagainstthecold,rigidrationalismofUnitarianisminBoston.Theyadheredtoanidealisticsystemofthoughtbasedonabeliefintheessentialunityofallcreation,theinnategoodnessofman,andthesupremacyofinsightoverlogicandexperiencefortherevelationofthedeepesttruths.

Realism

Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.

TheGildedAge

ItreferstotheperiodofgrossmaterialismandblatantpoliticalcorruptionintheU.S.historyduringthel870sthatgaverisetoimportantnovelsofsocialandpoliticalcriticism.Theperiodtakesitsnamefromtheearliestofthese,TheGildedAge（l873）,writtenbyMarkTwainincollaborationwithCharlesDudleyWarner.

TheImagistMovement

LedbytheAmericanpoetEzraPound,ImagistMovementisapoeticmovementthatflourishedintheU.S.andEnglandbetweenl909-l9l7.ItadvancesmodernisminartswhichconcentratesonreformingthemediumofpoetryasopposedtoRomanticism,especiallyTennyson'sworldlinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetry.

TheJazzAge:

Itreferstothel920s,atimemarkedbyfrivolity（轻薄，轻率）,carelessness,hedonism（快乐主义）andexcitementinthelifeoftheflamingyouth.Fitzgeraldislargelyresponsibleforthetermandmanyofhisliteraryworksportrayit.TheJazzAgeisbroughtvividlytolifein