全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题及答案详解Word格式.docx
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为了验证这种想法，他开始关注大学招生程序。
理论上讲，申请人的成功不应该依赖于同一天里随机抽取的其他面试者，但是Simonsohn博士怀疑事实并非如此。
他研究了由31位招生人员主考的9323位MBA考生的面试结果。
经过考虑众多因素，面试官将申请人划分成1至5五个等级。
然后，（他们）将这些分数与申请人的经企管理研究生入学考试（或称GMAT）成绩综合起来，由此来决定他或她是否被录取。
GMAT是一种满分为800分的标准化考试。
Simonsohn博士发现，在每天的一连串面试者当中，如果前一个应试者的分数比其前的应试者的分数高出0.75个点或高出更多的话，那么下一个申请者的分数就会平均下降0.075个点。
这一分差听起来很小，但是要想抵消掉它所带来的影响，应试者就要在GMAT考试中比实际所需要的分数再多出30分才行。
Text1
Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.
Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswithfeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadesorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&
M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentreleases,andmoreprofit.Thoselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable——meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat——andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.
Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&
Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wage,overseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.
Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durable,andwasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear——about64itemsperperson——andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.
TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes——andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;
herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff.
Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment——includingH&
M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionLine——Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;
peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.
在2006年上映的电影《穿Prada的女魔头》中，由梅丽尔·
斯特里普扮演的米兰达·
普利斯特里责备了她那没有魅力的助手，是因为她的助手认为顶级时尚对她没有影响。
普利斯特里数落说，助手的深蓝色毛衣经历岁月的变迁从时尚秀场退化到百货商店，进而沦落到廉价商品处理区。
而在这里，可怜的女孩毫不犹豫地挑选了这件衣服。
时尚行业这种自上而下的理念都非常过时，也与伊丽莎白·
席琳历时三年完成的《盛装》一书中指责的“快速时尚”所描述的狂热的世界不相符。
在过去十年左右的时间里，技术进步已使Zara,H&
M,和Uniqlo这样的大众市场品牌能够更迅速地应对潮流，更精准地预测需求。
更快速的周转意味着更少的库存浪费，更频繁的新品发布以及更多的利润回收。
那些商标促使对时尚敏感的消费者将服装看作一次性用品——只洗一两次就扔掉，虽然他们并没有做这样的广告宣传——并且每隔几周更新衣橱。
席琳认为，通过以极低的价格提供时尚产品，这些品牌劫持了时尚圈，动摇了长期以来适应于季节周期的整个产业。
当然，这场变革的受害者并不仅限于设计师。
H&
M品牌要想向世界各地2300多家分店供应价格为5.95美元的针织迷你裙，它必须依赖廉价的海外劳动力和大额订单，这些订单使得（服装企业）过度消耗自然资源并且使用大量的有害化学制品。
席琳认为：
“《盛装》是时尚界对于像MichaelPollan所著的《杂食者的困境》这样的消费者维权畅销书的一种回应。
大批量生产的衣服像快餐一样，满足了饥饿和需求，却是非耐用品，而且是种浪费。
”她发现，美国人一年购买大约200亿件衣服，平均每人64件，而且无论其花费多少，这样的过量置衣会造成浪费。
在《盛装》的结尾，席琳介绍了她心目中的典范，一个名叫SarahKateBeaumont的布鲁克林女人，她从2008年开始所有的衣服都自己制作，而且很漂亮。
但是正如席琳首次提到的那样，Beaumont花费了几十年来完善她制作衣服的手艺，她的成功不是一蹴而就的。
尽管一些快速时尚公司（包括H&
M和它的绿色ConsciousCollection系列）已经努力遏制它们对劳动力和环境造成的影响，但是席琳认为持续的变化只能通过消费者达成。
她对无论是在食品行业还是能源领域支持可持续性的人士，提出了他们共同的理念。
每个人都有虚荣心；
人们往往只有在无法支付的情况下才会进行可持续性的购买。
21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher
[A]poorbargainingskill.
[B]insensitivitytofashion.
[C]obsessionwithhighfashion.
[D]lackofimagination.
22.AccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumersto
[A]combatunnecessarywaste.
[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.
[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.
[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.
23.Theword“indictment”（Line3,Para.2）isclosestinmeaningto
[A]accusation.
[B]enthusiasm.
[C]indifference.
[D]tolerance.
24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.
[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.
[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.
[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.
25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?
[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.
[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.
[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.
[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret.
Text2
Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted—thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.
Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:
Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?
Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?
InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCommission（FTC）proposedaddinga“donottrack”（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;
Google’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandtheDigitalAdvertisingAlliance（DAA）agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.
OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.
Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.“They’llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.”
Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.
AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:
ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft’schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:
“Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”Coulditreallybethatsimple?
26.ItissuggestedinParagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto
[A]easecompetitionamongthemselves.
[B]lowertheiroperationalcosts.
[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers.
[D]providebetteronlineservices.
27.“Theindustry”（Line6,Para.3）refersto
[A]onlineadvertisers.
[B]e-commerceconductors.
[C]digitalinformationanalysis.
[D]internetbrowserdevelopers.
28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault.
[A]maycutthenumberofj
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