考研阅读理解真题集锦文档格式.docx
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SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'
sandDr.dewaal'
s;
study.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.
Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers)Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedto;
acceptthesliceofcucumberIndeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoreduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.
Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions,inthewild,theyareaco-operative,grouplivingspecies,Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone,Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsformthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.
21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby
[A].posingacontrast.
[B].justifyinganassumption.
[C].makingacomparison.
[D].explainingaphenomenon.
22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraphl)impliesthat
[A].monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.
[B].resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'
nature.
[C].monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.
[D].noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.
23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare
[A].moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.
[B].attentivetoresearchers'
instructions.
[C].niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.
[D].moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions
24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys
[A].prefergrapestocucumbers.
[B].canbetaughttoexchangethings.
[C].willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.
[D].areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.
25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
[A].Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.
[B].Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.
[C].Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.
[D].Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.
passage2
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'
tknowforsure?
Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?
Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?
LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.
Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth'
satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel'
sreport“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”
Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit'
sOktokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:
bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.
Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'
sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'
sadvisersstilldon'
ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.
Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearchButresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon'
ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstartManyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat
[A].therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.
[B].thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.
[C].peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.
[D].antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas
[A].aprotector.
[B].ajudge.
[C].acritic.
[D].aguide.28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)
[A].Endlessstudieskillaction.
[B].Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.
[C].prudentplanninghinders.
[D].Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoabout
[A].Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.
[B].Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.
[C].Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.
[D].Takesomelegislativemeasures.30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause
[A].theybothsufferedfromthegovernment'
snegligence.
[B].alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.
[C].theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.
[D].bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.
passage4
Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing.TheDegradationoflanguageandMusicandwhyweshouldlike,care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.
Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesgradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregranttablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish
Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.
Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,likecare.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.
Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwould