四六级TPO 12阅读详细解析英语阅读提高TPO 阅读详细解析Word格式.docx

四六级TPO 12阅读详细解析英语阅读提高TPO 阅读详细解析Word格式.docx

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○thestenciledhandwastheweakerhand

○thestenciledhandwasthedominanthand

○artistsstenciledmoreimagesofthedominanthandthantheydidoftheweak

Paragraph2：

3.Thephrasedepictedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○identified

○revealed

○pictured

○imagined

4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Right-handedartistscouldmoreeasilyhaveavoidedcastingshadowsontheirwork,becauseengravingsinprehistoriccaveswerelitfromtheleft.

○Thetipsofengravingtoolsandbrushesindicatethattheseinstrumentswereusedbyright-handedartistswhoseworkwaslitfromtheleft.

○Thebestlightingformostengravingssuggeststhattheyweremadebyright-handedpeopletryingtoavoidtheshadowoftheirhandsinterferingwiththeirwork.

○Right-handedartiststrytoavoidhavingthebrushtheyareusinginterferewiththelightsource.

5.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraphs1and2asevidenceofright-handednessinartandartistsEXCEPT

○theidealsourceoflightingformostengravings

○thefactthatalefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightlooklikearighthand

○theprevalenceofoutlinesoflefthands

○figuresinprehistoricartholdingobjectswiththerighthand

Paragraph3：

6.Accordingtoparagraph3,theLaChapelle-aux-SaintsNeanderthalskeletoncanbeidentifiedasright-handedbecause

○otherNeanderthalskeletonsfoundnearbyarealsoright-handed

○therightarmboneisstrongerthantheleft

○itissimilartoskeletonsofLaFerrassieIandNeanderthal

○therightsideoftheskeletonshowslessevidenceoffractures

Paragraph4：

7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfracturesandcutmarkscanbeinferredfromparagraph4?

○Fracturesandcutmarkscausedbyright-handedsoldierstendtooccurontherightsideoftheinjuredparty'

sbody.

○Therightarmsustainsmoreinjuriesbecause,asthedominantarm,itisusedmoreactively.

○Inmostpeople,theleftsideofthebodyismorevulnerabletoinjurysinceitisnotdefendedeffectivelybythedominantarm.

○Fracturesandcutmarksonfossilhumansprobablyoccurredafterdeath.

Paragraph5：

8.Accordingtoparagraph5,whatcharacteristicofaNeolithicspoonwouldimplythatthespoon'

sownerwasright-handed?

○Thedirectionofthefibers

○Itslonghandle

○Theyewwooditiscarvedfrom

○Wearonitsleftside

9.Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthormentiontheIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascaux?

○Asanexampleofanitemonwhichthemarksofwearimplythatitwasusedbyaright-handedperson

○Becausetressingisanactivitythatiseasierforaright-handedpersonthanforaleft-handedperson

○BecausethecaveofLascauxisthesitewhereresearchershavefoundseveralprehistorictoolsmadeforright-handedpeople

○Asanexampleofanitemwhoseconstructionshowsthatitwasrighthandedmadebyaright-person

Paragraph6：

10.Thewordcriteriainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○standards

○findings

○ideas

○techniques

11.WhatwasthepurposeofToth'

stoolmakingexperimentdescribedinparagraph6?

○Toshapetoolsthatcouldbeusedbyeitherhand

○Toproducereplicasofearlytoolsfordisplayinmuseums

○Toimitatetheproductionofpebbletoolsfromearlysites

○Todeterminewhichhandmadetheearlytools

Paragraph7：

12.Whatistheauthor'

sprimarypurposeinparagraph7?

○Toillustratetheimportanceofstudyingthebrain

○Todemonstratethathumanbeingsaretheonlymammaltodesirefinecontrolofmovement

○Tocontrastthefunctionsofthetwohemispheresofthebrain

○Todemonstratethatright-handpreferencehasexistedforalongtime

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thestencilsofhandsfoundinthesesheltersandcavesallowustodrawconclusionsaboutwhichhandwasdominant.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

14．

Severalcategoriesofevidenceindicatethatpeoplehavealwaysbeenpredominantlyright-handed

AnswerChoices

○Stencilsofright-handedfiguresarecharacteristicofcaveartinFrance.Spain,andTasmania.

○Signsontheskeletalremainsofprehistoricfigures,includingarm-bonesizeandinjurymarks,implythatthesearetheremainsofright-handedpeople.

○Instrumentssuchasspoons,ropes,andpebbletoolsshowsignsthatindicatetheywereusedorconstructedbyright-handedpeople.

○Theamountofprehistoricartcreatedbyright-handedartistsindicatesthatleft-handedpeoplewereintheminority.

○Neanderthalskeletonsoftenhavelongerfingerbonesintherighthand,whichisevidencethattherighthandwasstronger.

○NickToth,amodemright-handedtoolmaker.hasshownthatprehistorictoolswereknappedtofittherighthand

WhichHandDidTheyUse?

Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory?

■Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.■Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.■Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward—alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.■Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;

right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.

Caveartfurnishesothertypesofevidenceofthisphenomenon.Mostengravings,forexample,arebestlitfromtheleft,asbefitstheworkofright-handedartists,whogenerallyprefertohavethelightsourceontheleftsothattheshadowoftheirhanddoesnotfallonthetipoftheengravingtoolorbrush.InthefewcaseswhereanIceAgefigureisdepictedholdingsomething,itismostly,thoughnotalways,intherighthand.

Cluestoright-handednesscanalsobefoundbyothermethods.Right-handerstendtohavelonger,stronger,andmoremuscularbonesontherightside,andMarcellinBouleaslongagoas1911notedtheLaChapelle-aux-SaintsNeanderthalskeletonhadarightupperarmbonethatwasnoticeablystrongerthantheleft.SimilarobservationshavebeenmadeonotherNeanderthalskeletonssuchasLaFerrassieIandNeanderthalitself.

Fracturesandothercutmarksareanothersourceofevidence.Right-handedsoldierstendtobewoundedontheleft.Theskeletonofa40-or50-year-oldNabateanwarrior,buried2,000yearsagointheNegevDesert,Israel,hadmultiplehealedfracturestotheskull,theleftarm,andtheribs.

Toolsthemselvescanberevealing.Long-handedNeolithicspoonsofyewwoodpreservedinAlpinevillagesdatingto3000B.C.havesurvived;

thesignsofrubbingontheirleftsideindicatethattheiruserswereright-handed.ThelateIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxconsistsoffibersspiralingtotheright,andwasthereforetressedbyarighthander.

Occasionallyonecandeterminewhetherstonetoolswereusedintherighthandortheleft,anditisevenpossibletoassesshowfarbackthisfeaturecanbetraced.Instonetoolmakingexperiments,NickToth,aright-hander,heldthecore（thestonethatwouldbecomethetool）inhislefthandandthehammerstoneinhisright.Asthetoolwasmade,thecorewasrotatedclockwise,andtheflakes,removedinsequence,hadalittlecrescentofcortex（thecore'

soutersurface）ontheside.Toth'

sknappingproduced56percentflakeswiththecortexontheright,and44percentleft-orientedflakes.Aleft-handedtoolmakerwouldproducetheoppositepatternTothhasappliedthesecriteriatothesimilarlymadepebbletoolsfromanumberofearlysites（before1.5millionyears）atKoobiFora,Kenya,probablymadebyHomohabilis.Atsevensiteshefoundthat57percentoftheflakeswereright-oriented,and43percentleft,apatternalmostidenticaltothatproducedtoday.

About90percentofmodernhumansareright-handed:

wearetheonlymammalwithapreferentialuseofonehand.Thepartofthebrainresponsibleforfinecontrolandmovementislocatedintheleftcerebralhemisphere,andthefindingsabovesuggestthatthehumanbrainwasalreadyasymmetricalinitsstructureandfunctionnotlongafter2millionyearsago.AmongNeanderthalersof70,000–35,000yearsago,MarcellinBoulenotedthattheLaChapelle-aux-Saintsindividualhadalefthemisphereslightlybiggerthantheright,andthesamewasfoundforbrainsofspecimensfromNeanderthal,Gibraltar,andLaQuina.

■Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.■Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.■Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominant