跨文化交际期末复习资料文档格式.docx
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a)Theouterlayer:
theexplicitcultureproducts,whichrefertotheobservablethingslikelanguage,food,buildings,house,monuments,agriculture,markets,fashionandart,whicharethesymbolsofadeeperlevelofculture.
b)Themiddlelayer:
normsandvalues,reflectedbytheexplicitfactors
c)Thecore:
assumptionsaboutculture.Fromthefundamentalrelationshipwiththenature,mankindlikesthecore:
meaningoflife.Thus,inthissense"
cultureisanythingbutnature."
CharacteristicsofCulture
1.Cultureistransmissible
2.Cultureisshared.Membersofacultureshareasetofideas,values,andstandardsofbehaviors,andthissetiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture.
3.Cultureismostlylearnedunconsciously/acquired.
Cultureislearned,notinherited(遗传的).Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfromone’sgenes.
4.Cultureissymbolic.
5.Cultureisintegrated.Tokeeptheculturefunctioning,allaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.
6.Cultureisdynamic.Cultureissubjecttochange.It’sdynamicratherthanstatic(静态的),constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Itchangesthroughthreemostcommonmechanisms:
innovation(创新),diffusion(传播)andacculturation(文化适应).
7.Cultureisethnocentric(民族中心主义的).
8.Cultureistheguidingprinciplesforactions.
Keyterms
Enculturation(社会文化适应):
Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.(社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程)。
Acculturation(文化适应):
Acculturation,orculturaladaptation,referstoanindividual’slearningandadaptingtothenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.(文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程)。
Separationandsegregation(分离和隔离):
themaintainingone’soriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.(指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化,完全没有接受和习得新文化)。
Integration(文化整合):
Ittakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheircultureintegrity.(文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分,同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。
Assimilation(文化同化):
Itisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinguishesanoriginalcultureforanother.Whenindividualsareassimilatedintothemainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousculture.(文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。
一旦被主流文化同化,人们就失去了原有的文化)。
Marginalization(边缘化):
Marginalizationordeculturationreferstolosingone’sculturalidentityandnothavinganypsychologicalcontactwiththelargersociety.(边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份,而且与广大社会失去了心理联系)。
Cultureshock(文化冲击,文化休克)Itreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.(文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历)。
Interculturalcompetences:
refertotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture;
inanotherword,itreferstothesensitivitytoculturaldiversity,i.e.theabilitytobehaveinanappropriatewayandtoadapttoone’scommunicationandinteractionaccordingtothecontext.(跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力,换句话说,它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。
例如,根据具体的交际环境,恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应)。
Communicativecompetenceispartofsocialcompetence,whichisanindividualability,i.e.behaviorandskills,tocontrolhisorhersocialenvironment.(交际能力是社会能力的一部分,是个体的能力,例如行为或者技巧,来控制他或者他的社会环境)。
Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceinvolvescognitive,affectiveandoperationalaspects,whichareinseparable.(跨文化交际能力涉及到认知的,情感的和行为能力,他们是密不可分的)。
Definitionofcommunication
1.ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicate”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.
2.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)
3.Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.
4.Communicationistheexchangeofmessagesbetweenpeoplesforthepurposeofachievingcommonmeaning.
ComponentsofCommunication
1.Source2.Encoding3.Message4.Channel5.Noise6.Receiver7.Decoding
8.Receiverresponse9.Feedback10.Context.
Modeofcommunication
LinearModelofCommunication;
InteractiveModelofCommunication
Verbalcommunication:
communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage
Nonverbalcommunication:
communicationwhosemessagesarenotconveyedinwords.
Characteristicsofcommunication
1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext
Communicationisrule-governed
Symbolsorcodesarethebasicingredientsofcommunication.
Communicationcannotberetrieved
Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandasocialcontext
Communicationdoesnottakeplaceinavaccum.
Definition:
Interculturalcommunication
1.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.
2.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.
Formsofinterculturalcommunication
1.InterracialCommunication2.InterethnicCommunication(民族间的交际,属同一人种但属不同民族,中国各兄弟民族间的交往)3.Intra-culturalCommunication4.inter-regionalcommunication
FeaturesofInterculturalcommunication
1.Itisauniversalphenomenon.2.Thecommunicationbetweencultureshasalonghistory.
3.Interculturalcommunicationisacommondailyoccurrence.
AnOutlineofChineseCulture
Chinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuang(黄帝)andEmperorYan(炎帝)HowYaoandShunPassedtheThronestotheWorthyandtheCapable(尧、舜禅让)HowYu,theGreat,ConqueredtheFlood(大禹治水)
四书:
TheFourBooks,namely,TheGreatLeaning(《大学》),TheDoctrineoftheMean(《中庸》),TheAnalectsofConfucius(《论语》),andMencius(《孟子》)
五经:
TheFiveClassics,namely,TheBookofSongs/Odes(《诗经》),TheBookofHistory(《书经》/《尚书》),TheBookofChanges(《易经》IChing),TheBookofRites(《礼记》),andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals(《春秋》)
TheLiteraryAchievementsduringMingandQingDynasties
WeboasttherepresentativemasterpiecesasthefourgreatnovelsoftheMingDynastyOutlawsoftheMarshbyShiNaian,TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhong,JourneytotheWestbyWuCheng’enandJinPingMeibyXiaoXiaosheng,whichshowsthatnovelwritinghadreachedmaturity.
TheQingDynastyfeaturedwithsuchworksasTheScholars,asatiricalnovelbyWuJingziandCaoXueqin’sADreamofRedMansions.PuSongling’scollectionofshortstoriesaboutghostsandfoxspirits(demons),StrangeTalesfromtheCarefreeStudio,throughthesetalestheauthorcensures(谴责) theevilsofthesocietyhelivedin.
Cultureshock
Definition:
Cultureshockisprecipitated(使…突然陷入;
促成)bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.
Cultureshockalsocanbedefinedas“thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhengoingtoliveinanothercountryorplaceandissomethingallinternationalstudentswillface.
Theterm“cultureshock”canbedefinedinanotherwayascertainneedsandrequirementsthatarenotbeingmetbyforeigncultureandsociety.
Cultureshockreferstotheanxietyexperiencedwhenoneexperiencesthelossoftheirhomeculture,familyandsupportsystemandisconfrontedwiththetaskofunderstandinganewculture.
FourstagesforCultureShock
1.euphoria(〔心〕欣快症,异常欣快--蜜月期).Inthisstage,youareexcitedaboutlivinginadifferentplace,andeverythingseemstobemarvelous.Youlikeeverything,andeverybodyseemstobesonicetoyou.Also,theamusementoflifeinanewcultureseemstohavenoending.
2.adownturn(下降趋势,下转)asdisillusionmentarise.ThisiscalledtheFrustrationStage/Crisis/HostilityStage.Youbegintonoticethatnoteverythingisasgoodasyouhadoriginallythoughtitwas.Youbecometiredofmanythingsaboutthenewculture.Moreover,peopledon'
ttreatyoulikeaguestanymore.Everythingthatseemedtobesowonderfulatfirstisnowawful,andeverythingmakesyoufeeldistressedandtired.Youmayencountermanyproblemsintransportation,shopping,orinterpersonalcommunication.Youmayfeelthatpeoplemaynolongercareaboutyourproblem,andtheydon’tlikeforeigners.Youmaystarttocomplainandrejectthehostculture.Physicalsymptomsincludingachesandpainsinlimbs,headaches,fatigueandlackofenergy,lossofappetite,inabilitytogetagoodnight’ssleep/insomnia,stomachupsets,andfrequentcoldsorflu.Regression:
Youspendmuchofyourtimespeakingyourownlanguage,watchingvideofromyourhomecountry,andeatingfoodfromhome.Youmayrememberonlythegoodthingaboutyourhomecountry
3.Adjustment/Recovery.
Thethirdstageischaracterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture.Anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumormaybeexperienced.Onemaystarttofeelacertainpsychologicalbalance.Youmaynotfeelaslostandstartstohaveafeelingofdirection.Theindividualismorefamiliarwiththeenvironmentandwantstobelong.Youstartfeelingmorepositive,andyoutrytodevelopcomprehensionofeverythingyoudon'
tunderstand.Thewholesituationstartstobecomemorefavorable;
yourecoverfromthesymptomsofthefirsttwostages,andyouadjustyourselftothenewnorms,values,andevenbeliefsandtraditionsofthenewcountry.Youbegintoseetha