跨文化交际期末复习资料文档格式.docx

1、a） The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols of a deeper level of culture.b） The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factors

2、c） The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense culture is anything but nature .Characteristics of Culture1. Culture is transmissible2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas

3、, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture. 3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from ones social environment, not from ones genes.4.Culture is s

4、ymbolic. 5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated. 6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. Its dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cult

5、ures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）. 8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.Key terms Enculturation（社会文化适应）： Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your

6、 society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。Acculturation（文化适应）：Acculturation, or cultural adaptation, refers to an individuals learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. （文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程）。 Separation and segregation（分离和隔离）：the maintaining ones original culture

7、and not participating in the new culture. （指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化）。Integration （文化整合）: It takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their culture integrity. （文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性）。Assimilation （文化同化）：It is the degree to which

8、 an individual relinguishes an original culture for another. When individuals are assimilated into the mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture. （文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化）。Marginalization（边缘化）： Marginalization or deculturation refers to losing ones cultural identity an

9、d not having any psychological contact with the larger society. （边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系）。Culture shock（文化冲击，文化休克）It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. （文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历）。Intercultural competences：refer to th

10、e ability to understand and adapt the target culture; in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e. the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to adapt to ones communication and interaction according to the context.（跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力，换句话说，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。例如，根据具体的交

11、际环境，恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应）。Communicative competence is part of social competence, which is an individual ability, i.e. behavior and skills, to control his or her social environment. （交际能力是社会能力的一部分，是个体的能力，例如行为或者技巧，来控制他或者他的社会环境）。Intercultural communication competence involves cognitive, affective and op

12、erational aspects, which are inseparable. （跨文化交际能力涉及到认知的，情感的和行为能力，他们是密不可分的）。Definition of communication1. It comes from the Latin word “communicate”, it means to give or to exchange. Now, the most common meaning of “communication” is to give or exchange information or ideas. 2. Communication is our

13、ability to share our ideas and feelings. （the basis of all human contact）3. Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. 4. Communication is the exchange of messages between peoples for the purpose of achieving common m

14、eaning.Components of Communication1. Source 2. Encoding 3. Message 4. Channel 5. Noise 6. Receiver 7. Decoding8. Receiver response 9. Feedback 10. Context. Mode of communicationLinear Model of Communication; Interactive Model of CommunicationVerbal communication: communication done both orally and i

15、n written languageNonverbal communication: communication whose messages are not conveyed in words. Characteristics of communication1） Communication is dynamic 2） Communication is interactive 3） Communication is irreversible 4） Communication takes place in both a physical and social contextCommunicat

16、ion is rule-governedSymbols or codes are the basic ingredients of communication. Communication can not be retrievedCommunication takes place in both a physical and a social contextCommunication does not take place in a vaccum. Definition: Intercultural communication1. Intercultural communication ref

17、ers to communication between people of different cultural backgrounds. 2. Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Forms of intercultural communication1. Interracial Communication 2.

18、 Interethnic Communication （民族间的交际,属同一人种但属不同民族，中国各兄弟民族间的交往）3. Intra-cultural Communication 4. inter-regional communication Features of Intercultural communication1. It is a universal phenomenon. 2. The communication between cultures has a long history. 3. Intercultural communication is a common dail

19、y occurrence. An Outline of Chinese Culture Chinese history began with two legendary figuresEmperor Huang（黄帝）and Emperor Yan（炎帝） How Yao and Shun Passed the Thrones to the Worthy and the Capable（尧、舜禅让）How Yu, the Great, Conquered the Flood（大禹治水） 四书：The Four Books, namely, The Great Leaning（大学）, The

20、Doctrine of the Mean（中庸）, The Analects of Confucius（论语）, and Mencius（孟子）五经：The Five Classics, namely, The Book of Songs/Odes（诗经）, The Book of History（书经/尚书）, The Book of Changes（易经 I Ching ）, The Book of Rites（礼记）, and The Spring and Autumn Annals（春秋）The Literary Achievements during Ming and Qing Dy

21、nasties We boast the representative masterpieces as the four great novels of the Ming Dynasty Outlaws of the Marsh by Shi Naian, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Journey to the West by Wu Chengen and Jin Ping Mei by Xiao Xiaosheng, which shows that novel writing had reached maturi

22、ty. The Qing Dynasty featured with such works as The Scholars, a satirical novel by Wu Jingzi and Cao Xueqins A Dream of Red Mansions. Pu Songlings collection of short stories about ghosts and fox spirits（demons）, Strange Tales from the Carefree Studio, through these tales the author censures（谴责）the

23、 evils of the society he lived in. Culture shockDefinition：Culture shock is precipitated （使突然陷入；促成） by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Culture shock also can be defined as “the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when going to

24、live in another country or place and is something all international students will face. The term “culture shock” can be defined in another way as certain needs and requirements that are not being met by foreign culture and society. Culture shock refers to the anxiety experienced when one experiences

25、 the loss of their home culture, family and support system and is confronted with the task of understanding a new culture. Four stages for Culture Shock1.euphoria（心欣快症，异常欣快蜜月期）. In this stage, you are excited about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everythin

26、g, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems to have no ending. 2. a downturn（下降趋势，下转） as disillusionment arise. This is called the Frustration Stage/ Crisis /Hostility Stage. You begin to notice that not everything is as good as you had originally

27、thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new culture. Moreover, people dont treat you like a guest anymore. Everything that seemed to be so wonderful at first is now awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired. You may encounter many problems in transportation, shoppin

28、g, or interpersonal communication. You may feel that people may no longer care about your problem, and they dont like foreigners. You may start to complain and reject the host culture. Physical symptoms including aches and pains in limbs, headaches, fatigue and lack of energy, loss of appetite, inab

29、ility to get a good nights sleep/insomnia, stomach upsets, and frequent colds or flu. Regression: You spend much of your time speaking your own language, watching video from your home country, and eating food from home. You may remember only the good thing about your home country3. Adjustment/Recove

30、ry. The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. One may start to feel a certain psychological balance. You may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of direction. The individual is more fa

31、miliar with the environment and wants to belong. You start feeling more positive, and you try to develop comprehension of everything you dont understand. The whole situation starts to become more favorable; you recover from the symptoms of the first two stages, and you adjust yourself to the new norms, values, and even beliefs and traditions of the new country. You begin to see tha