Victoria EraMoralityWord格式.docx

Victoria EraMoralityWord格式.docx

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TheerawasprecededbytheGeorgianperiodandfollowedbytheEdwardianperiod.ThelatterhalfoftheVictorianageroughlycoincidedwiththefirstportionoftheBelleÉ

poqueeraofcontinentalEuropeandtheGildedAgeoftheUnitedStates.

CulturallytherewasatransitionawayfromtherationalismoftheGeorgianperiodandtowardromanticismandmysticismwithregardtoreligion,socialvalues,andthearts.[1]Theeraispopularlyassociatedwiththevaluesofsocialandsexualrestraint.

Ininternationalrelationstheerawasalongperiodofpeace,knownasthePaxBritannica,andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidation,temporarilydisruptedbytheCrimeanWarin1854.TheendoftheperiodsawtheBoerWar.Domestically,theagendawasincreasinglyliberalwithanumberofshiftsinthedirectionofgradualpoliticalreform,industrialreformandthewideningofthevotingfranchise.

TwoespeciallyimportantfiguresinthisperiodofBritishhistoryaretheprimeministersGladstoneandDisraeli,whosecontrastingviewschangedthecourseofhistory.Disraeli,favouredbythequeen,wasagregariousTory.Gladstone,hisrivaldistrustedbytheQueen,aLiberal,servedmoretermsandoversawmuchoftheoveralllaw-makingoftheera.

ThepopulationofEnglandalmostdoubledfrom16.8millionin1851to30.5millionin1901.[2]Scotland'

spopulationalsoroserapidly,from2.8millionin1851to4.4millionin1901.Ireland'

spopulationdecreasedrapidly,from8.2millionin1841tolessthan4.5millionin1901,mostlyduetotheGreatFamine.[3]Atthesametime,around15millionemigrantslefttheUnitedKingdomintheVictorianeraandsettledmostlyintheUnitedStates,Canada,andAustralia.[4]

Duringtheearlypartoftheera,theHouseofCommonswasheadedbythetwoparties,theWhigsandtheTories.Fromthelate1850sonwards,theWhigsbecametheLiberals;

theToriesbecametheConservatives.ThesepartieswereledbymanyprominentstatesmenincludingLordMelbourne,SirRobertPeel,LordDerby,LordPalmerston,WilliamEwartGladstone,BenjaminDisraeli,andLordSalisbury.TheunsolvedproblemsrelatingtoIrishHomeRuleplayedagreatpartinpoliticsinthelaterVictorianera,particularlyinviewofGladstone'

sdeterminationtoachieveapoliticalsettlement.Indeed,theseissueswouldeventuallyleadtotheEasterRisingof1916andthesubsequentdominoeffectthatwouldplayalargepartinthefallof 

theempire.

Culture

Seealso:

Victorianism,Victorianarchitecture,Victoriandecorativearts, 

andVictorianfashion

ApictureofLeadenhallStreet,London,c.1837

ThePoultryCross,Salisbury,paintedbyLouiseRayner,c.1870

GothicRevivalarchitecturebecameincreasinglysignificantduringtheperiod,leadingtotheBattleoftheStylesbetweenGothicandClassicalideals.CharlesBarry'

sarchitectureforthenewPalaceofWestminster,whichhadbeenbadlydamagedinan1834fire,wasbuiltinthemedievalstyleofWestminsterHall,thesurvivingpartofthebuilding.Itconstructedanarrativeofculturalcontinuity,setinoppositiontotheviolentdisjunctionsofRevolutionaryFrance,acomparisoncommontotheperiod,asexpressedinThomasCarlyle'

sTheFrenchRevolution:

AHistoryandCharlesDickens'

GreatExpectationsandATaleofTwoCities.GothicwasalsosupportedbycriticJohnRuskin,whoarguedthatitepitomisedcommunalandinclusivesocialvalues,asopposedtoClassicism,whichheconsideredtoepitomisemechanicalstandardisation.

Themiddleofthe19thcenturysawTheGreatExhibitionof1851,thefirstWorld'

sFair,whichshowcasedthegreatestinnovationsofthecentury.AtitscentrewastheCrystalPalace,amodularglassandironstructure 

–thefirstofitskind.ItwascondemnedbyRuskinastheverymodelofmechanicaldehumanisationindesign,butlatercametobepresentedastheprototypeofModernarchitecture.Theemergenceofphotography,showcasedattheGreatExhibition,resultedinsignificantchangesinVictorianartwithQueenVictoriabeingthefirstBritishmonarchtobephotographed.JohnEverettMillaiswasinfluencedbyphotography（notablyinhisportraitofRuskin）aswereotherPre-Raphaeliteartists.ItlaterbecameassociatedwiththeImpressionisticandSocialRealisttechniquesthatwoulddominatethelateryearsoftheperiodintheworkofartistssuchasWalterSickertandFrankHoll.

Industrializationbroughtwithitaburgeoningmiddleclasswhoseincreaseinnumbershadasignificanteffectonthesocialstrataitself:

culturalnorms,lifestyle,valuesandmorality.Identifiablecharacteristicscametodefine,inparticular,themiddleclasshome.Previously,intownandcity,residentialspacewasadjacenttoorincorporatedintotheworksite,virtuallyoccupyingthesamegeographicalspace.Thedifferencebetweenprivatelifeandcommercewasafluidonedistinguishedbyaninformaldemarcationoffunction.IntheVictorianera,Englishfamilylifeincreasinglybecamecompartmentalized,thehomeaself-containedstructurehousinganuclearfamilyextendedaccordingtoneedandcircumstancetoincludebloodrelations.Theconceptof“privacy”becameahallmarkofthemiddleclasslife.“...TheEnglishhomeclosedupanddarkenedoverthedecade（1850s）,thecultofdomesticitymatchedbyacultofprivacy.”Bourgeoisexistencewasaworldofinteriorspace,heavilycurtainedoffandwaryofintrusion,andopenedonlybyinvitationforviewingonoccasionssuchaspartiesorteas.[8]“Theessential,unknowablilityofeachindividual,andsociety’scollaborationinthemaintenanceofafaç

adebehindwhichlurkedinnumerablemysteries,werethethemeswhichpreoccupiedmanymid-centurynovelists.”[9]

QueenVictoria,afterwhomtheeraisnamed.

Entertainment

Thissectiondoesnotciteanyreferencesorsources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.（March2010）

PabloFanqueperformingatAstley'

sAmphitheatre,1847

Popularformsofentertainmentvariedbysocialclass.VictorianBritain,liketheperiodsbeforeit,wasinterestedinliterature（seeCharlesDickens,ArthurConanDoyleandWilliamMakepeaceThackeray）,theatreandthearts（seeAestheticmovementandPre-RaphaeliteBrotherhood）,andmusic,drama,andoperawerewidelyattended.MichaelBalfewasthemostpopularBritishgrandoperacomposeroftheperiod,whilethemostpopularmusicaltheatrewasaseriesoffourteencomicoperasbyGilbertandSullivan,althoughtherewasalsomusicalburlesqueandthebeginningofEdwardianmusicalcomedyinthe1890s.DramarangedfromlowcomedytoShakespeare（seeHenryIrving）.Therewere,however,otherformsofentertainment.Gentlemenwenttodiningclubs,liketheBeefsteakclubortheSavageclub.Gamblingatcardsinestablishmentspopularlycalledcasinoswaswildlypopularduringtheperiod:

somuchsothatevangelicalandreformmovementsspecificallytargetedsuchestablishmentsintheireffortstostopgambling,drinking,andprostitution.

Brassbandsand'

TheBandstand'

becamepopularintheVictorianera.Thebandstandwasasimpleconstructionthatnotonlycreatedanornamentalfocalpoint,butalsoservedacousticrequirementswhilstprovidingshelterfromthechangeableBritishweather.Itwascommontohearthesoundofabrassbandwhilststrollingthroughparklands.Atthistimemusicalrecordingwasstillverymuchanovelty.

TheEpsomDerby;

paintingbyJamesPollard,c.1840

TheVictorianeramarkedthegoldenageoftheBritishcircus.Astley'

sAmphitheatreinLambeth,London,featuringequestrianactsina42-footwidecircusring,wastheepicentreofthe19thcenturycircus.Thepermanentstructuresustainedthreefiresbutasaninstitutionlastedafullcentury,withAndrewDucrowandWilliamBattymanagingthetheatreinthemiddlepartofthecentury.WilliamBattywouldalsobuildhisown14,000-personarena,knowncommonlyasBatty'

sHippodrome,inKensingtonGardensanddrawcrowdsfromtheCrystalPalaceExhibition.Travellingcircuses,likePabloFanque'

s,dominatedtheBritishprovinces,Scotland,andIreland（Fanquewouldenjoyfameagaininthe20thcenturywhenJohnLennonwouldbuyan1843posteradvertisinghiscircusandadaptthelyricsforTheBeatlessong,BeingfortheBenefitofMr.Kite!

）.FanquealsostandsoutasablackmanwhoachievedgreatsuccessandenjoyedgreatadmirationamongtheBritishpubliconlyafewdecadesafterBritainhadabolishedslavery.[17][17]

Anotherformofentertainmentinvolved'

spectacles'

whereparanormalevents,suchasmesmerism,communicationwiththedead（bywayofmediumshiporchannelling）,ghostconjuringandthelike,werecarriedouttothedelightofcrowdsandparticipants.SuchactivitiesweremorepopularatthistimethaninotherperiodsofrecentWesternhistory.

Naturalhistorybecameincreasinglyan"

amateur"

activity.ParticularlyinBritainandtheUnitedStates,thisgrewintospecialisthobbiessuchasthestudyofbirds,butterflies,seashells（malacology/conchology）,beetlesandwildflowers.Amateurcollectorsandnaturalhistoryentrepreneursplayedanimportantroleinbuildingthelargenaturalhistorycollectionsofthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.

Manypeopleusedthetrainservicestovisittheseaside,helpe