考研英语二真题及答案解析Word下载.docx

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7 

toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto 

8 

afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould 

9 

whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'

slicense 

10 

bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"

singlesign-on"

systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto 

11 

justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12.theapproachwouldcreatea"

walledgarden"

ncyberspace，withsafe"

neighborhoods"

andbright"

streetlights"

toestablishasenseofa 

13 

community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"

voluntaryecosystem"

inwhich"

individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith 

14 

，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure 

15 

whichthetransactionruns"

.

Still，theadministration'

splanhas 

16 

privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；

othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 

17 

beacompulsoryInternet"

drive'

slicense"

mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith 

18 

bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthe"

envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet 

19 

.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe 

20 

toregisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1． 

A.swept 

B.skipped 

C.walked 

D.ridden

2． 

A.for 

B.within 

C.while 

D.though

3． 

A.careless 

B.lawless 

C.pointless 

D.helpless

4． 

A.reason 

B.reminder 

C.compromise 

D.proposal

5． 

A.information 

B.interference 

C.entertainment 

D.equivalent

6． 

A.by 

B.into 

C.from 

D.over

7． 

A.linked 

B.directed 

C.chained 

D.compared

8． 

A.dismiss 

B.discover 

C.create 

D.improve

9． 

A.recall 

B.suggest 

C.select 

D.realize

10． 

A.relcased 

B.issued 

C.distributed 

D.delivered

11． 

A.carryon 

B.lingeron 

C.setin 

D.login

12． 

A.Invain 

B.Ineffect 

C.Inreturn 

D.Incontrast

13． 

A.trusted 

B.modernized 

c.thriving 

D.competing

14． 

A.caution 

B.delight 

C.confidence 

D.patience

15． 

A.on 

B.after 

C.beyond 

D.across

16． 

A.divided 

B.disappointed 

C.protected 

D.united

17． 

A.frequestly 

B.incidentally 

C.occasionally 

D.eventually

18． 

A.skepticism 

B.relerance 

C.indifference 

D.enthusiasm

19． 

A.manageable 

B.defendable 

C.vulnerable 

D.invisible

20． 

A.invited 

B.appointed 

C.allowed 

D.forced

SectionII 

ReadingComprehension

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text 

1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'

sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：

ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'

scompensationcommittee；

howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？

ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm'

sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'

sproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"

surprise"

disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"

tradeup."

Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor 

.

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe 

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'

ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto 

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors 

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor'

sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis 

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper？

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'

sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&

Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying"

Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"

（Lines3-4，Para.1），theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper 

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause 

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey 

[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness？

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.