how to write a summary文档格式.docx

how to write a summary文档格式.docx

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Reading.

Towriteagoodsummary,thefirststepistothoroughlyreadandunderstandthematerialwhichyouareworkingwith.

StepTwo:

Selecting

Duringthereading,youshouldhighlightimportantinformationandtakenotes,thatis,writedownthemainpointsofeachsection,writedownthekeysupportpointsforthemaintopic,butignoretheminordetails.

StepThree:

Writing

GoingthroughtheprocessofStepOneandStepTwo,thenyoucanbegintodothesummarywriting.

Inwritingasummary,ontheonehand,youshouldpayattentiontothefollowingthreequestions:

（1）Whatisthethemeofthepassage,orthebookortheothers?

（2）Whatarethemainideas?

（3）Howarethemainideasarranged?

Ontheother,youshouldobeythefollowingfourmainrequirements:

（1）Thesummaryshouldcovertheoriginalasawhole;

（2）Thelanguageshouldbepresentedinaneutralfashion;

（3）Thesummaryshouldbeacondensedversion;

（4）Thesummaryshouldnotincludethewriter’sowncommentsorevaluations.

Forexample,pleasereadthefollowingessaythenwriteasummary.

Thereisanenemybeneathourfeet—anenemythemoredeadlyforitscompleteimpartiality.Itrecognizesnonationalboundaries,nopoliticalparties.Everyoneintheworldisthreatenedbyit.Theenemyistheearthitself.Whenanearthquakestrikes,theworldtrembles.Thepowerofaquakeisgreaterthananythinghumanbeingsthemselvescanproduce.Buttodayscientistsaredirectingagreatdealoftheireffortintofindingsomewayofcombatingearthquakes,anditispossiblethatsometimeinthenearfuture,peoplewillhavediscoveredameansofprotectingthemselves.

Anearthquakestrikeswithoutwarning.Whenitdoes,itspowerisimmense.Ifitstrikesamoderncity,thedamageitcausesisasgreatasifithasstruckaprimitivevillage.Gasmainsburst,explosionsarecausedandfiresarestarted.Undergroundrailwaysarewrecked.Wholebuildingcollapse,bridgesfall,damsburst.Gapingcrevicesappearinbusystreets.Ifthequakestrikesatsea,hugetidalwavessweepinland.Ifitstrikesinmountainregions,avalanchesroardownintothevalley.

Considertheterrifyingstatisticsfromthepast.Lisbon,thecapitalofPortugal,wasdestroyedentirelyand450peoplewerekilledin1775.InPeru,fiftythousandpeoplediedinanearthquakein1970.In1968,anearthquakestruckAlaska.Asthisisrelativelyunpopulatedpart,onlyafewpeoplewerekilled.Butitislikelythatthiswasoneofthemostpowerfulquakesevertohavehittheworld.Geologistsestimatethatduringthetremors,thewholeofthestatemovedovereightyfeetfartherwestintothePacificOcean.Imaginethepowerofsomethingthatcanmoveanentiresubcontinent!

Thisistheproblemthatfacesscientists.Theyaredealingwithforcessoimmensethathumanbeingscannothopetoresistthem.Allthatcanbedoneistotrytopinpointjustwheretheearthquakewillstrikeandworkfromhere.Atleastsomeprecautionarymeasurescanthenbetakentosavelivesandsomeoftheproperty.

（342words）

Forwritingthesummary,youaretoreadthepassagethroughandfinditstheme.Thenthinkhowthethemeisdevelopedandtakenotes.Forexample,herearethenotesyoumaymake.

Title:

Terrorfromearthquakes

Keypoints:

A.earthquake—thegreatenemy

B.damagedonebyearthquake—general

C.damagedonebyearthquake—particular

instances

D.tasksforscientists

Outline:

A.earthquake—thegreatenemy

1.strikeeverywhere

2.verygreatpower

B.damagedonebyearthquakes—general

1.inacity

a.gasmainsburst

b.explosionsandfires

c.undergroundrailwayswrecked

d.buildingscollapse

e.bridgesanddamsfallcollapse

f.crevicesonstreets

2.onthesea—hugetidalwaves

3.mountainregions—avalanches

C.damagedonebyearthquakes—particular

1.Lisbon—1755

a.citydestroyed

b.450killed

2.Peru—1970:

50,000killed

3.Alaska—1968

a.onlyafewkilled

b.entiresubcontinentshifted80feet

intoocean

D.tasksforscientists:

difficulttodealwith

irresistibleforces,canonlywork

a.topinpointearthquake-proneareas

b.tohelppeopletakeprecautionarymeasures

Basedonthenotesandtheoutline,thefirstdraftofthesummarymaybewrittenasfollows.

Theearthitselfbecomesourenemywhenanearthquakestrikes.Everycountryintheworldisthreatenedbythetremendousfuryofearthquakes.Theirpowerexceedsalltheforcesreleasedbyhumankind.Whenacityishit,buildingsfallandexplosionsandfiresarestarted.Undergroundrailwaysarewrecked.Gapingcrevicesappearonstreets.Bridgesanddamsfall.Hugetidalwavesriseonthesea.Avalanchesroardownthemountainsides.AnearthquakeinLisbonin1755destroyedthecityandkilled450persons.InPeru,50,000peoplediedinanearthquakein1970.ThesubcontinentofAlaskawaspushed80feetintotheseain1968.Facedwithsuchtremendousforces,whichcannotberesisted,scientistscanonlypinpointtheearthquakeareasandtakesuitablestepstominimizetheharm.

（130words）

Thisfirstdraftislongerthanone-thirdoftheoriginal.Itwillhavetobecondensedfurtherbyomittingmoredetailsandbycondensingtheexpression.Hereisaseconddraft.

Earthquakes,whosedestructivepowerexceedsalltheforcescreatedbyhumankind,threateneverycountryintheworld.Whenacityishit,buildingsfallandexplosionsandfiresarestarted.Undergroundrailwaysarewrecked.Widecrevicesappearonthestreet.Bridgesanddamsfall.Hugetidalwavesriseontheseaandavalanchesroardownthemountainsides.AnearthquakeinLisbonin1975destroyedthecityandkilledmany.InPeru,50,000peoplewerekilledin1970.ThesubcontinentofAlaskawaspushed80feetintotheseain1968.Facedwithsuchirresistibleforces,scientistscanonlypinpointearthquakeareasandtakestepstominimizetheharm.

（109words）

Homework

GoodManners

Mannersareimportanttohappyrelationsamongpeople.Everyonelikesapersonwithgoodmanners.Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.Butwhataregoodmanners?

Howdoesoneknowwhattodoandwhatnottodo?

Well,herearesomeexamples.

Apersonwithgoodmannersneverlaughsatpeoplewhentheyareintrouble.Instead,hetriestohelpthem.Heisalwayskindtoothers.Whenpeoplearewaitingforabus,hetakeshisturn.Hedoesnotpushtothefrontoftheline.Onthebushegiveshisseattoanolderpersonorapersonwithaveryyoungchild.Ifheknocksintosomeone,orgetsinhisway,hesays“Excuseme”or“I’msorry”.

Hesays“Please”whenheasksforsomethingand“Thankyou”whenhereceivessomething.Hestandsupwhenheisspeakingtoanolderperson,andhedoesnotsitdownuntiltheotherpersontakeshisseat.Hedoesnotinterruptotherpeoplewhentheyaretalking.Hedoesnottalktoomuch.Hedoesnottalkloudlyorlaughloudlyinpublic.Whenheiseatinghedoesnotspeakwithhismouthfulloffood.Heusesahandkerchiefwhenhesneezesorcoughs.Hedoesnotspitinpublic.

Asastudent,itisbadmannerstocomelatetoclass.Ifyouarelateyoushouldmakeanapologytotheteachereitheratthetimeorafterclass.Itisalsobadmannerstokeepsilentwhentheteacherasksyouaquestion.Ifyoudonotknowtheanswer,saysoimmediately.Ifyoudoknow,answerinaloudenoughvoicesothatalltheclassmayhear.Itispoliteforthestudentstohelptheteacher.Sometimesstudentscanhelptheirteacherstocleantheblackboard,tocloseoropenthedoorsorwindows.Sometimestherearepaperstocollectortohandout.Thiskindofhelpisalwaysappreciated.

Ideasofwhataregoodmannersarenotalwaysthesameindifferentcountries.Butinallcountriesitisimportanttobekindandhelpful.

（366words）