雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案卷六Word文件下载.docx

雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案卷六Word文件下载.docx

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　　BAfewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologybuckedthetrend.ProfessorAliceIsenofCornellUniversityandcolleagueshavedemonstratedhowpositiveemotionsmakepeoplethinkfasterandmorecreatively.Showinghoweasyitistogivepeopleanintellectualboost,Isendivideddoctorsmakingatrickydiagnosisintothreegroups:

onereceivedcandy,onereadhumanisticstatementsaboutmedicine,onewasacontrolgroup.Thedoctorswhohadcandydisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.InspiredbyIsenandothers,Seligmangotstuckin.Heraisedmillionsofdollarsofresearchmoneyandfunded50researchgroupsinvolving150scientistsacrosstheworld.Fourpositivepsychologycentresopened,decoratedincheerfulcoloursandfurnishedwithsofasandbaby-sitters.Therewereget-togethersonMexicanbeacheswherepsychologistswouldsnorkelandeatfajitas,thenform"

pods"

todiscusssubjectssuchaswonderandawe.Athousandtherapistswerecoachedinthenewscience.

　　CButcriticsaredemandinganswerstobigquestions.Whatisthepointofdefininglevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues?

Aren'

ttheseconceptsvagueandimpossibletopindown?

Canyoujustifyspendingfundstoresearchpositivestateswhenthereareproblemssuchasfamine,floodandepidemicdepressiontobesolved?

Seligmanknowshisworkcanbebelittledalongsidetritenotionssuchas"

thepowerofpositivethinking"

.Hisplantostopthenewsciencefloating"

onthewavesofself-improvementfashions"

istomakesureitisanchoredtopositivephilosophyabove,andtopositivebiologybelow.

　　DAndthistakesusbacktoourevolutionarypast.HomosapiensevolvedduringthePleistoceneera（1.8mto10,000yearsago）,atimeofhardshipandturmoil.ItwastheIceAge,andourancestorsenduredlongfreezesasglaciersformed,thenferociousfloodsastheicemassesmelted.Wesharedtheplanetwithterrifyingcreaturessuchasmammoths,elephant-sizedgroundslothsandsabre-toothedcats.ButbytheendofthePleistocene,alltheseanimalswereextinct.Humans,ontheotherhand,hadevolvedlargebrainsandusedtheirintelligencetomakefireandsophisticatedtools,todeveloptalkandsocialrituals.Survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintoapersistentmould.ProfessorSeligmansays:

"

Becauseourbrainevolvedduringatimeofice,floodandfamine,wehaveacatastrophicbrain.Thewaythebrainworksislookingforwhat'

swrong.Theproblemis,thatworkedinthePleistoceneera.Itfavouredyou,butitdoesn'

tworkinthemodemworld."

　　EAlthoughmostpeopleratethemselvesashappy,thereisawealthofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche.Experimentsshowthatwerememberfailuresmorevividlythansuccesses.Wedwellonwhatwentbadly,notwhatwentwell.Ofthesixuniversalemotions,fouranger,fear,disgustandsadnessarenegativeandonlyone,joy,ispositive.Thesixth,surprise,ispsychologistDanielNettle,authorofHappiness,andoneoftheRoyalInstitutionlecturers,thenegativeemotionseachtellus"

somethingbadhashappened"

andsuggestadifferentcourseofaction.

　　FWhatisitaboutthestructureofthebrainthatunderliesourbiastowardsnegativethinking?

Andisthereabiologyofjoy?

AtIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedwhathappenswhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whensubjectsseelandscapesordolphinsplaying,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimagesabirdcoveredinoil,oradeadsoldierwithpartofhisfacemissingtheresponsecomesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain.Theabilitytofeelnegativeemotionsderivesfromanancientdanger-recognitionsystemformedearlyinthebrain'

sevolution.Thepre-frontalcortex,whichregistershappiness,isthepartusedforhigherthinking,anareathatevolvedlaterinhumanhistory.

　　GOurdifficulty,accordingtoDanielNettle,isthatthebrainsystemsforlikingandwantingareseparate.Wantinginvolvestwoancientregionstheamygdalaandthenucleusaccumbensthatcommunicateusingthechemicaldopaminetoformthebrain'

srewardsystem.Theyareinvolvedinanticipatingthepleasureofeatingandinaddictiontodrugs.Aratwillpressabarrepeatedly,ignoringsexuallyavailablepartners,toreceiveelectricalstimulationofthe"

wanting"

partsofthebrain.Buthavingreceivedbrainstimulation,therateatsmorebutshowsnosignofenjoyingthefooditcraved.Inhumans,adruglikenicotineproducesmuchcravingbutlittlepleasure.

　　HInessence,whatthebiologylessontellsusisthatnegativeemotionsarefundamentaltothehumancondition,andifsnowondertheyaredifficulttoeradicate.Atthesametime,byatrickofnature,ourbrainsaredesignedtocravebutneverreallyachievelastinghappiness.

　　2.雅思阅读题目

　　Question14-20

　　ThereadingpassagehassevenparagraphsA-H.

　　Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

　　WritethecorrectletterA-H,inboxes14-20onyouranswersheet.

　　14Anexperimentinvolvingdividingseveralgroupsoneofwhichreceivedpositiveicon

　　15Reviewofapoorlyresearchedpsychologyarea

　　16Contrastbeingmadeaboutthebrain’sactionasresponsetopositiveornegativestimulus

　　17Theskepticalattitudetowardtheresearchseemedtobeawasteoffund

　　18asubstancethatproducesmuchwantinginsteadofmuchliking

　　19aconclusionthatlastinghappinessarehardlyobtainedbecauseofthenatureofbrains

　　20Onedescriptionthatlistedthehumanemotionalcategories

　　Question21-25

　　CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethanfourwordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.

　　Writeyouranswersinboxes21-25onyouranswersheet.

　　Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologystudywhathappenswhenlivesgowell.ProfessorAlicedivideddoctors,makingatrickyexperiment,intothreegroups:

besidetheonecontrolgroup,theothertwoeitherareaskedtoreadhumanisticstatementsaboutdrugs,orreceived…21...Thelatterdisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.Sincecriticsarequestioningthesignificanceofthe…22…forbothlevelsofhappinessandclassificationforthevirtues.ProfessorSeligmancounteredinanevolutionaltheory:

survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintothewayofthinkingforwhat'

swrongbecausewehavea…23…

　　Thereisbountifulofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplybuiltinthehumanpsyche.Later,atIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedtheactivepartsinbrainstocontrastwhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whenpositiveimageslike…24…areshown,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimage,theresponsecomesfrom…25…ofthebrain.

　　Question26

　　Writeyouranswersinboxes26onyouranswersheet.

　　Choosethecorrectletter.A,B,CorD.

　　AccordingtoDanielNettleinthelasttwoparagraphs,whatistrueasthescientistscantellusabouthappiness

　　ABrainsystemsalwaysmixlikingandwantingtogether.

　　BNegativeemotionscanbeeasilyridofifwethinkpositively.

　　CHappinessislikenicotinewearecravingforbutgetlittlepleasure.

　　DTheinnermechanismofhumanbrainsdoesnotassistustoachievedurablehappiness.

　　雅思精读分析

　　文章题目：

科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗

　　篇章结构体裁议论文

　　题目科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗

　　结构

　　A段:

关于幸福的早期心理学研究主流是负面情绪

　　B段:

少数心理学家研究正面情感带给人的益处

　　C段:

批评家质疑用积极思考来研究幸福的合理性

　　D段:

冰河世纪的古人类惯用消极思维模式

　　E段:

消极想法更容易被牢记

　　F段:

积极和消极想法的大脑结构的生物学基础

　　G段:

区分喜欢和欲望是研究幸福的难点

　　H段:

消极情绪是人类生存的基础

　　试题分析

　1.雅思阅读材料

　　Seekinganenergyholytrinity

　　文章源：

FromE（Jan10th2007）

　　1NEELIEKROES,theEuropeanUnion’scompetitioncommissioner,didnotminceherwordswhenreportingonEurope’senergymarketsonWednesdayJanuary10th.Europe’senergyfirmshavefailedtoinvestinnetworksandsocustomersaresuffering.Those“verticallyintegrated”energycompaniessuchasElectricité

deFrance（EDF）orGermany’sE.ON,widelydubbedas“nationalchampions”,areeffectivelybehavinglikelocalmonopolies.Shyofcompetition,eagerforartificiallyhighprices,theyarehelpingtoblocktheefficientgeneration,transmissionanddistributionofenergyonthecontinent.

　　2EnergypricesvarywildlyacrossEurope.MsKroeswantstoseecheaperenergy,andintendstopushsupplierstodivesttheirdistributionnetworkandtogetthemtoinvestmoreintransportationsystemssothatmoreenergy—intheformofgas,orelectricity,forexample—canfloweasilyoverborders.Itisrema