012 The Rise to Power P1723Word格式.docx
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(With)thewar(was)over(=Afterthewarwasfinished/over南北战争结束后),thenationalgovernment(was)consolidated(=enhanced/strengthened巩固)itspower(政权)andAmericanschangedakey(=important)verb(are->
is).Beforethewarandinrecognition(n.承认)ofthepowerofthestates,peopleusedthepluralform:
“TheUnitedStatesare…”Afterthewar,withthenation(unite->
union)achieved(vt.实现了国家的统一),theysubstituted(=replaced取代)thesingularform(is):
“TheUnitedStatesis…”
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Box1.2TheGettysburgAddress(=speech演讲)
Fourscore[
(1)二十;
(2)n.分数;
(3)vt.得分]andsevenyearsagoourfathers(=founder祖先)broughtforth(=broughtabout带来)onthiscontinent,anewnation,conceived(构思)inLiberty(n.自由),anddedicatedtothe(propose:
vt.建议->
)proposition(=proposal/belief主张)thatallmenarecreatedequal(所有人生而平等).Nowweareengagedin(=involvedin)agreatcivilwar,testing(考验)whetherthatnation,oranynationsoconceivedandsodedicated,canlongendure(经受长期的考验).Wearemetonagreatbattle-fieldofthatwar.Wehavecometodedicateaportion(=part)ofthatfield,asafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmightlive(=exist).Itisaltogetherfittingandproperthatweshoulddothis.But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate–wecannotconsecrate(奉献)--wecannothallow(把视为神圣)--thisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecrated(使…变得神圣)it,faraboveourpoorpowertoadd(=praise表演)ordetract(贬低,评判).Theworldwilllittle(=seldom:
adv.很少)note(=notice注意),norlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butit(=theworld)canneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Itisforustheliving,rather,tobededicatedhereto(专注于)theunfinishedwork(未尽的事业)whichtheywhofoughtherehavethusfarsonobly(=obviously)advanced(=promoted推进).Itisratherforustobeherededicatedto(=devoteoneselftosth.投身于…事业)thegreattaskremainingbefore(=facing摆在我们面前的)us--thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotion(专注于)tothatcause(事业)forwhichtheygavetheirlastfullmeasure(=means手段)ofdevotion(献出了最后一滴血)--thatweherehighlyresolve(决心)thatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain(徒劳)--thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom(获得自由的新生)--andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople(民有,民治,民享的政府),shallnotperish(=disappear消失)fromtheearth.
AbrahamLincoln,1863
In1867,theUSpurchasedAlaskafromRussiaandthegovernmentbegantoreconstructtheSouthinthenationalimage(形象).Threeconstitutionalamendments(修正案)(13th,14th,15th)--duringtheperiodcalledReconstruction(重建时期)--freed(vt.)theslaves,providedcitizenship(公民权),andgavethevotetoblackmen(seeAppendix).
Southernwhitesrespondedbyrequiring(illiterate文盲的<
->
literate识字的->
)literacy(n.识字)testsandpolltaxes(人头税)forvoting,leasing(=settingfree释放)convicts(=prisonersofwar战俘,囚犯)toprivateindividuals(解甲归田),refusingtoallowblackstositonjuries(陪审团),andorganizingtheKuKluxKlan(三K党).In1877,Southernresistancehadexhausted(vt.耗尽->
~pipe排气管)governmenteffortsandled(=forced)PresidentRutherfordB.Hayestoend(=finish)Reconstructionandannounce(宣布)thattheSouthwouldbeleftalonetodealwithits“negro(黑奴/黑鬼)problem.”[Letitalone,anditwillletyoualone.你不惹它,它不惹你!
]Bythe1890s,lynch(私刑)mobs(暴徒)killedover(=morethan)ahundredAfricanAmericansayear.Then,in1896,theUSSupremeCourtruled(裁决,规定)that“separatebutequal”schoolrooms,hospitals,libraries,hotel(accommodate接纳->
)accommodations(住宿),andstreetcars(有轨电车)wereinthespiritoftheConstitution.Thenationwasofficiallysegregated(discriminate隔离,歧视).
Duringthelastquarterofthenineteenthcentury,thecountryfilledup(=expanded)as(=when)thegovernmenthelpeditself,railroadinterests,andhomesteaders(自耕农)tothelandIndianshadbelievedtobetheirs“aslongas(只要)thewindblows,aslongasthegrassgrows,aslongastheriversflow”--asrantheofficialphrasingusedintreatiesgranting(=permitting准许,授权)property(财产<
poverty:
n.贫穷)rightstoIndiantribes.Thegovernment’sresolve(n./vt.决心)tofinishtheIndianwarswasaccelerated(加速)byanevent(事件)thatoccurred(=appeared)duringthenation’s[cent-:
(1)百分之一;
(2)一百]centennial(百年的)celebration.InlateJune1876alongtheLittleBigHornRiverinMontanaterritory,abrash(傲慢的)armycolonel(上校)setouttodestroyagroupofIndians.Surprisedbyoneofthelargestconcentrations(聚集)oftribesinthehistoryoftheWest,GeorgeArmstrongCusterandhiscommandofsome250menwerekilledbytheforcesofSittingBull,CrazyHorseandRainin-the-Face.Whitescriedfor(号召)revenge,and,todestroyIndianresistance(抵抗)andculture,armysnipers(狙击手)helpedprofessionalhunterskillnearly30millionbuffaloes.Thewarsendedwiththesurrender(投降)ofGeronimoandhisgroupofApaches(印第安人的一支系)in1886.
TheWestbelongedtothewhiteman.Lawsallowedhomesteaderstosettleon160acres,withoutcost,iftheywouldcultivate(耕种)theland.Manyfamiliesbuiltlittlehousesontheprairie(北美大草原plain)andbeganfarming(农业).Railroadcompaniesreceivedenormous(=huge)subsidies(补贴)intheformoflandgrants(vt./n.土地使用的授权)--10–40squaremilesoflandforeachmileofrailroadbuilt,anareaequaltoone-sixthofallWesternlands.Timber(木材)andminingcompaniesweresooncuttinganddiggingeverywhere.Duringthecowboyera(=times时代),herdsofcattleweredrivenfromthegrazingfieldsinTexastostockyards(牲畜栏)andslaughterhouses(屠宰场)intheMidwest.
In1893,historianFrederickJacksonTurnerputforthhis“frontierthesis(论点,论文)”thattheexperienceofisolation(与外界隔离)andthe(available可得到的->
)availabilityoffreelandhadshapedAmericandemocracyandinstitutions(政府结构)(Turner,1966).Turnerinscribed(刻写)thefrontier(国境,边疆,边境)asthecrucible(坩锅)wheretheAmericantraits(个性,特征)ofindividualism(自由主义)and(acquire:
vt.获得->
)acquisitiveness(=greed贪婪)originatedandhedescribed(描述)thecentralplacefrontiersoccupyintheAmericanimagination[特纳认为,边疆是一个大熔炉,冶炼出美国人自私和贪婪的特性,而开疆拓土在美国人意识中具有举足轻重的重要性].Therhetoric(修辞,虚夸的言辞)ofthefrontiercontinuesincontemporaryAmericaas(when)leadersspeakofforeignpolicyorbusinesschallengesasnewfrontierstobeexplored,conquered,andmadesafe(有待探索,开垦和确保的国家利益).
1.2.2TheGildedAge(镀金时代)
ThefirsttranscontinentalrailroadconnectingSanFrancisco(旧金山)withNewYorkCitywascompletedin1869.By1900,theUnitedStateshad258,000milesoftrack(=railway),one-thirdofalltherailroadmileage(里程)intheworld.Railroadcompaniesmerged(联合)withinvestmentbankingfirmsandlargecorporate(社团,法人的)lawfirmstohelpcreatemodernmanagerial(管理上的)capitalism(资本财团).JohnD.Rockefeller’soilcompanyandAndrewCarnegie’ssteelfactoriesledthewaybyintegrating(结合)productionprocessestocontrolallaspectsoftheproductionofasingleproduct(verticalintegration纵向结合)ortogain(=get)amonopoly(垄断)overasinglestepinproduction(horizontalintegration横向结合).Infact,developmentssped(加速)alongsofastthattheindustrialistsandbankers,whosawthemselvesas“industrialstatesmen(政治家),”seemedtobe“robberbarons(男爵,强盗式资本家)”tothegeneralpublic.WriterMarkTwaincalledtheperiodTheGilded(镀金)Age(1873)becausetheriseofhugeindustry,bigcities,andcommercelookedgolden;
buttoscratchoff(抢夺)thegoldrevealed(=showed显示)onlytheuglinessofbase(=humble)(卑贱的)metal.
Thephilosophy(意识)ofthemarketplacereflectedtheera'
sconservative(保守的)tone(n.基调->
tune:
vt.调台)as(因为)economicpolicyfollowedfreemarketprinciples.Thislaissez-faire(=letitdo放任主义,资本主义的自由竞争)approach(=method)stressedself-sufficiency(自给自足)andself-interest(=selfishness自私自利)inaclimate(=atmosphere)oflimitedgovernmentalintervention(干涉),exceptingtariff(关税)protectionininternationaltrade.TheAmericancreed(信条)ofequalopportunitycontributedtothis,butsodidthebeliefinnaturalselection(物竞天择)andevolutionarychangeputforthbyCharlesDarwinandadapted[adaptoneselftotheenvironment改编->
adaptor适配器<
adopt采用,收养]intoaphilosophythatnaturallaws(=junglelaw自然法则,森林法则)govern(=control)people'
splace(=status)insociety--labeledbyHerbertSpenceras“(survive->
)survivalofthefittest(适者生存).”Then,WilliamGrahamSumnersummarized(总结)thesebeliefsbyarguingthatthe(acquire->
)acquisitionofprivatepropertywasthemostimportantgoalforindividuals.AndrewCarnegiealsopromoted(recommend推荐)this“Gospel[〈圣经·
新约〉福音书]ofWealth”andagreedthatanygovernmentinterference(干涉)--suchaswelfare(福利)--hindered(阻碍)progressandhurtsocietybecauseinanyfreesocietyoperatingunderevolutionaryprinciples,wealthandpowerwouldnaturallygotothosemostdeserving(值得的)ofit.
Astheyhavedonethroughouttheirhistory--in[change<
alter->
alternate:
交替出现->
]alternating(交替出现)cycles(周期)ofliberalreformsandconservativeretrenchments(删除)--Americanslookedattheircountryandadjustedit.Anewtypeofinvestigative[journal=magazine杂志->
journalism新闻学->
journalist新闻工作者,专栏作家]journalism(新闻学/杂志)ledtheway(引领了社会潮流),withsocialcommentary(评论)andphotographs,suchasJacobRiis'
sHowtheOtherHalfLives(1890),LincolnSteffen'
sTheShameoftheCities(1904),andUptonSinclair'
sTheJungle(1906).Americanssearchedfororder,calledfor(号召,呼唤)governmentaction,andconsidered(solve->
)solutions(解决方案)toreformcommunity(=society)inthefaceof(=facing)unprecedentedimmigration,i