012 The Rise to Power P1723Word格式.docx

1、（With） the war （was） over （=After the war was finished/ over南北战争结束后）, the national government （was） consolidated （=enhanced/ strengthened巩固） its power （政权） and Americans changed a key （=important） verb （are-is）. Before the war and in recognition （n.承认） of the power of the states, people used the plu

2、ral form: “The United States are ” After the war, with the nation （unite-union） achieved （vt.实现了国家的统一）, they substituted （=replaced取代） the singular form （is）: “The United States is ”*Box 1.2 The Gettysburg Address （=speech演讲）Four score （1）二十; （2）n. 分数; （3）vt.得分 and seven years ago our fathers （=foun

3、der祖先） brought forth （=brought about带来） on this continent, a new nation, conceived （构思） in Liberty （n.自由）, and dedicated to the （propose: vt.建议-） proposition （=proposal/ belief主张） that all men are created equal （所有人生而平等）. Now we are engaged in （=involved in） a great civil war, testing （考验） whether t

4、hat nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure （经受长期的考验）. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion （=part） of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live （=exist）. It is altog

5、ether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate we can not consecrate （奉献）-we can not hallow （把视为神圣）-this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated （使变得神圣） it, far above our poor power to add （=praise表演） or detract （贬低,

6、评判）. The world will little （=seldom: adv.很少） note （=notice注意）, nor long remember what we say here, but it （=the world） can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to （专注于） the unfinished work （未尽的事业） which they who fought here have thus far so nobly （=o

7、bviously） advanced （=promoted推进）. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to （=devote oneself to sth.投身于事业） the great task remaining before （=facing摆在我们面前的） us- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion （专注于） to that cause （事业） for which they gave their last full measure （=means手段） of

8、 devotion （献出了最后一滴血）-that we here highly resolve （决心） that these dead shall not have died in vain （徒劳）-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom （获得自由的新生）-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people （民有，民治，民享的政府）, shall not perish （=disappear消失） from the ear

9、th.Abraham Lincoln, 1863In 1867, the US purchased Alaska from Russia and the government began to reconstruct the South in the national image （形象）. Three constitutional amendments （修正案） （13th, 14th, 15th）-during the period called Reconstruction （重建时期）-freed （vt.） the slaves, provided citizenship （公民权

10、）, and gave the vote to black men （see Appendix）.Southern whites responded by requiring （illiterate文盲的literate识字的-） literacy （n.识字） tests and poll taxes （人头税） for voting, leasing （=setting free释放） convicts （=prisoners of war战俘, 囚犯） to private individuals （解甲归田）, refusing to allow blacks to sit on ju

11、ries （陪审团）, and organizing the Ku Klux Klan （三K党）. In 1877, Southern resistance had exhausted （vt.耗尽-pipe排气管） government efforts and led （=forced） President Rutherford B. Hayes to end （=finish） Reconstruction and announce （宣布） that the South would be left alone to deal with its “negro （黑奴/ 黑鬼） probl

12、em.” Let it alone, and it will let you alone.你不惹它，它不惹你！ By the 1890s, lynch （私刑） mobs （暴徒） killed over （=more than） a hundred African Americans a year. Then, in 1896, the US Supreme Court ruled （裁决, 规定） that “separate but equal” school rooms, hospitals, libraries, hotel （accommodate接纳-） accommodatio

13、ns （住宿）, and streetcars （有轨电车） were in the spirit of the Constitution. The nation was officially segregated （discriminate隔离, 歧视）.During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the country filled up （=expanded） as （=when） the government helped itself, railroad interests, and homesteaders （自耕农） to

14、 the land Indians had believed to be theirs “as long as （只要） the wind blows, as long as the grass grows, as long as the rivers flow” -as ran the official phrasing used in treaties granting （=permitting准许,授权） property （财产） availability of free land had shaped American democracy and institutions （政府结构

15、） （Turner,1966）. Turner inscribed （刻写） the frontier （国境, 边疆, 边境） as the crucible （坩锅） where the American traits （个性,特征） of individualism （自由主义） and （acquire: vt.获得-） acquisitiveness （=greed贪婪） originated and he described （描述） the central place frontiers occupy in the American imagination 特纳认为，边疆是一个大

16、熔炉，冶炼出美国人自私和贪婪的特性, 而开疆拓土在美国人意识中具有举足轻重的重要性. The rhetoric （修辞, 虚夸的言辞） of the frontier continues in contemporary America as （when） leaders speak of foreign policy or business challenges as new frontiers to be explored, conquered, and made safe （有待探索，开垦和确保的国家利益）.1.2.2 The Gilded Age （镀金时代）The first tran

17、scontinental railroad connecting San Francisco （旧金山） with New York City was completed in 1869. By 1900, the United States had 258,000 miles of track （=railway）, one-third of all the railroad mileage （里程） in the world. Railroad companies merged （联合） with investment banking firms and large corporate （

18、社团, 法人的） law firms to help create modern managerial （管理上的） capitalism （资本财团）. John D. Rockefellers oil company and Andrew Carnegies steel factories led the way by integrating （结合） production processes to control all aspects of the production of a single product （vertical integration纵向结合） or to gain

19、（=get） a monopoly （垄断） over a single step in production （horizontal integration横向结合）. In fact, developments sped （加速） along so fast that the industrialists and bankers, who saw themselves as “industrial statesmen （政治家）,” seemed to be “robber barons （男爵, 强盗式资本家）” to the general public. Writer Mark Tw

20、ain called the period The Gilded （镀金） Age （1873） because the rise of huge industry, big cities, and commerce looked golden; but to scratch off （抢夺） the gold revealed （=showed显示） only the ugliness of base （=humble） （卑贱的） metal.The philosophy （意识） of the marketplace reflected the eras conservative （保守

21、的） tone （n.基调-tune: vt. 调台） as （因为） economic policy followed free market principles. This laissez-faire （=let it do放任主义, 资本主义的自由竞争） approach （=method） stressed self-sufficiency （自给自足） and self-interest （=selfishness自私自利） in a climate （=atmosphere） of limited governmental intervention （干涉）, excepting

22、 tariff （关税） protection in international trade. The American creed （信条） of equal opportunity contributed to this, but so did the belief in natural selection （物竞天择） and evolutionary change put forth by Charles Darwin and adapted adapt oneself to the environment改编-adaptor适配器） survival of the fittest （

23、适者生存）.” Then, William Graham Sumner summarized （总结） these beliefs by arguing that the （acquire-） acquisition of private property was the most important goal for individuals. Andrew Carnegie also promoted （recommend推荐） this “Gospel 圣经新约福音书 of Wealth” and agreed that any government interference （干涉）-s

24、uch as welfare （福利）-hindered （阻碍） progress and hurt society because in any free society operating under evolutionary principles, wealth and power would naturally go to those most deserving （值得的） of it.As they have done throughout their history-in change alternate: 交替出现- alternating （交替出现） cycles （周期

25、） of liberal reforms and conservative retrenchments （删除）-Americans looked at their country and adjusted it. A new type of investigative journal=magazine杂志-journalism新闻学-journalist新闻工作者,专栏作家 journalism （新闻学/ 杂志） led the way （引领了社会潮流）, with social commentary （评论） and photographs, such as Jacob Riiss H

26、ow the Other Half Lives （1890）, Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities （1904）, and Upton Sinclairs The Jungle （1906）. Americans searched for order, called for （号召,呼唤） government action, and considered （solve-） solutions （解决方案） to reform community （=society） in the face of （=facing） unprecedented immigration, i