英美概况期末考试答案.doc

英美概况期末考试答案.doc

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AmericanBeginnings

1.WhatwerethenewandpowerfulsocialforceswhichledtotheawakeningofEuropeandthediscoveryofAmerica?

P34

Thefirstforcewasthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Thegrowthofcapitalismproducedtwonewclasses-thebourgeoisie[ˌbʊrʒwɑː'ziː]andtheworkingclasswiththedevelopmentofcommerceandtrade,thebourgeoisiebecomeincreasinglypowerfulinpoliticsaswellasineconomy,sotheywantedtosharemorepowerwithfeudallords.

ThesecondforcewastheRenaissance['renəsɑːns],whichwasmarkedbyachangingoutlookonlife.

ThethirdforcewastheReligiousReformation,areligiousforcemovementthatstartedfromGermany.

 2. WhatwastheuniqueAmericanphenomenon?

Howdiditcomeintobeing?

Doyouthinkitstillexistsintoday’sAmericansociety?

P36

Theenactment[ɪ'næktməntoflawsforthecolonyandtheenslavementofAfricanscombinedconstitutedauniqueAmericanphenomenon..

ontheonehand,theEnglishandotherEuropeanswenttoNorthAmericaforseekingfreedom.Ontheotherhand,theseverywhitepeoplewhowereseekingandfightingfortheirownfreedomdeprivedblackAfricansoftheirfreedom.

OnJuly30,1619,thefirstmeetingofanelectedlegislature,arepresentativeassembly,washeldinVirginia.Amonthlater,stillinVirginia,aDutchshipbroughtinover20NegroesasservantsforatermofyearstomakeastarttowardtheenslavementofAfricanswithinwhatwastobetheAmericanrepublic.

Thisphenomenonstillexistsintoday’sAmericansociety,suchastheracialdiscrimination.Untilnow,theblackpeoplestillreceivetheunfairprejudice.However,thesocietyinAmericaisfulloffreedom,especiallytothewhitepeople.Theyhavealotofrightsintheirlife.

 3. InwhatwaydidthepatternoffoundingofMarylandinfluenceAmericanculture?

In1648,LordBaltimoreappointedaProtestantgovernor,andthenextyear,theMarylandTolerationAct,whichassuredfreedomofworshiptoallwhobelievedinJesusChrist,waspassed.

Becausetheprotestantmajoritywerecapitalistic-mindedpeopleandrefusedtocarryoutthefeudalplan,andbecausethewildernessofNorthAmericaprovidedplentyoflandwhilelaborwasscarce,itwasimpossibleforLordBaltimoretohavehisfeudalplanexecuted.Notlongafterthefoundingofhiscolony,thefeudalexperimentalplanwasdropped,andthecolony,likeothercoloniesinNorthAmerica,followedacapitalistdevelopmentroad.

 4.InwhatwaydidPuritanisminfluenceAmericanculture?

P37-38

ThePuritansbelievedthateveryonehadacalling,whichwasgivenbyGod.Workinghardandlivingamorallifeweretheirethics,andtheyconcludedthattheBiblewastheauthorityoftheirdoctrine,soeducationwasessentialforPuritans.

ThePuritanshopedtobuild“acityuponhill”-anidealcommunity.Sincethattime,Americanshaveviewedtheircountryasagreatexperiment,aworthymodelforothernations.ThissenseofmissionhasbeenverystronginthemindsofmanyAmericans.

NewEnglandalsoestablishedanotherAmericantradition—astrainofoftenintolerantmoralism.ThePuritansbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldenforceGod'smorality.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adulterers,violatorsoftheSabbathandotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves.RogerWilliams,oneofthePuritanswhoprotestedthatthestateshouldnotinterferewithreligion,wasdrivenoutofMassachusetts.In1635,hesetupRhodeIslandcolony,whichguaranteedreligiousfreedomandtheseparationofChurchandstate.ThePuritansalsohaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.

ThePoliticalSystem

1.Whatisafederalsystem?

Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.TheConstitutionspecifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates.

2.HowdidthedelegatesfromtheearlyBritishcoloniesdesigntheconstitution?

InthecourseoftheConvention,thedelegatesdesignedanewformofgovernmentfortheUnitedStates.TheplanforthegovernmentwaswritteninverysimplelanguageinadocumentcalledtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.InwritingtheConstitution,thedelegateshadtodealwithtwomainfearssharesbymostAmericans.

3.WhatwerethetwomainfearssharedbyAmericanswhilewritingtheconstitutionandhowdidtheydealwiththem?

P52-53

Onefearwasthatonepersonorgroup,includingthemajority,mightbecametoopowerfulorbeabletoseizecontrolofthecountryandcreateatyranny.Toguardagainstthispossibility,thedelegatessetupagovernmentconsistingofthreeparts,orbranches,theexecutive,thelegislativeandthejudicial.Eachbranchhasawayofcounteractinga