语用学论文Word文档格式.docx

语用学论文Word文档格式.docx

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.Introductiontodeixis

1.Definitionofdeixis

Deixis,atermderivedfromtheGreekword,meaning“pointing”vialanguage,referstoaparticularwayinwhichtheinterpretationofcertainlinguisticexpressionisdependentonthecontextinwhichtheyareproducedorinterpreted.Deixisconcernstheuseofcertainlinguisticexpressiontolocateentitiesinspatio-temporal,socialanddiscoursalcontexts.Inlinguistic,deixisreferstothephenomenonwhereinunderstandingthemeaningofcertainwordsandphrasesinanutterancerequirescontextualinformation.

2.Classificationofdeixis

Deixisisauniversallinguisticphenomenon.Thisisbecauselanguagecommunicationalwayshappenswithpeopleparticipating,inacertainplaceatacertaintime.Wecannotcommunicatewithoutmakinganyreferencetopeople,placeandtime.

Thetraditionalcategoriesofdeixisarebasedonpersondeixis（I,you,we）;

placedeixis（here,there）;

timedeixis（now,then,andverbtensemakers）,towhichFillmore（1975）inhisSantaCruxLecturesonDeixispublishedin1971addstwomorecategories,thoseconstitutediscoursedeixis（eg.theuseof‘furthermore’,‘however’,etc.）aswellasthosethatencodeaspectsofthesocialrelationshipbetweenspeakerandaddressee,orotherreferentsintheirenvironment,andconstitutesocialdeixis（eg.theFrenchtu/vousdistinction）.Sofar,fiveclassesofdeixishavebeenrecognizedbymostlinguists.Thefollowingsareexamples:

（1）.“We”thinkandfeel,anduselanguagetoinduceparallelthoughtsandfeelingsinothers.（Persondeixis）

（2）.Itisverycoldout“there”.（Placedeixis）

（3）.WewillleaveforBeijing“tomorrow”.（Timedeixis）

（4）.“Inotherwords”,weinterpretparticularinstancesoflanguagebyreferringthemtogeneralscheme.（Textdeixis）

（5）.Whereareyouheading,LaoWang?

（Socialdeixis）

3.Egocentricityofdeixis

Deicticcentersaretypicallyassumedtobeasfollows.

（1）.Thecentralpersonisthespeaker;

（2）.Thecentraltimeisthetimeatwhichthespeakerproducestheutterance;

（3）.Thecentralplaceisthespeaker’slocationatutterancetime;

（4）.Thediscoursecenteristhepointwhichthespeakeriscurrentlyatintheproductionofhisutterance;

（5）.Thesocialcenteristhespeaker’ssocialstatusandrank,towhichthestatusorrankofaddresseesorreferentsisrelative.（Levinson,1983:

64）

Deixisisclearlyaformofreferringthatistiedtothespeaker’scontext,withthemostbasicdistinctionbetweendeicticexpressionsbeing‘nearspeaker’versus‘awayfromspeaker’.InEnglish,the‘nearspeaker’,orproximalterms,are‘this’,‘here’,‘now’.The‘awayfromspeaker’,ordistalterms,are‘that’,‘there’,‘then’.

.Referentialfunctionofdeixis

Themostoutstandingfeatureofdeixisisthatitmaintainsthereferentialfunction.Sonextwe’regoingtoillustrateitsreferentialfunctionfromthefollowingaspects.

1.Persondeixis

Persondeixisconcernsitselfwiththegrammaticalpersonsinvolvedinanutterance,thosedirectlyinvolved（eg.thespeaker,theaddressee）,thosenotdirectlyinvolved（eg.overhears–thosewhoheartheutterancebutwhoarenotbeingdirectlyaddressed）,andthosementionedintheutterance.InEnglish,thedistinctionsaregenerallyindicatedbypronouns.Thefollowingexamplesshowhow.

Iamgoingtothemovies.

Wouldyouliketohavedinner?

Theytriedtohurtme,buthecametotherescue.

It’sknownthattheabovethreesentenceshavetheirrespectivemeaningshappeninginacertaincontext.Sothepronounshavetheirreferences.Wecansee“I”referstothespeaker;

“You”referstothelistener;

“They”and“He”refertopersonnothere.Sothespecialreferenceiswhatwecallreferentialfunctionofpersondeixis.Besides,afairlywell-knownexampleofasocialcontrastencodedwithinpersondeixisisthedistinctionbetweenformsusedforafamiliarversusanon-familiaraddresseeinsomelanguage.ThisisknownastheT/Vdistinction.Thechoiceofoneformwillcertainlycommunicatesomething（notdirectlysaid）aboutthespeaker’sviewofhisorherrelationshipwiththeaddressee.Inthosesocialcontextsindividualstypicallymarkdistinctionsbetweenthesocialstatusofthespeakerandaddressees.T/Vdistinctionalsoreflectsthereferentialfunctionofpersondeixis.

2.Placedeixis

Placedeixis,alsoknownasspacedeixis,concernsitselfwiththespatiallocationsrelevanttoanutterance.Similarlytopersondeixis,thelocationsmaybeeitherthoseofthespeakerandaddresseeorthoseofpersonsorobjectsbeingreferredto.ThemostsalientEnglishexamplesaretheadverbs“here”and“there”,andthedemonstratives“this”and“that”-althoughthosearefarfrombeingtheonlydeicticwords.

Someexamples:

Ienjoylivinginthiscity.

Hereiswherewewillplacethestatue.

Shewassittingoverthere.

Fromtheexamples,wecansee“thiscity”,“here”and“there”areallspecifiedwhichareinterpretedbybothspeakerandlistener.Listenercanunderstandwhatspeakersaidaboutthespecificplaceaccordingtotheircontextualinterpretation.Itisinterestingtonotethatwhile“here”and“there”areoftenusedtorefertolocationsneartoandfarfromthespeaker,respectively,“there”canalsorefertothelocationoftheaddressee,iftheyarenotinthesamelocationasthespeaker.So,while

Hereisagoodspot;

itistoosunnyoverthere.

exemplifiestheformerusage,

Howistheweatherthere?

isanexampleofthelatter.

So,wecanconcludethattheabovediscussionsarerelevanttoreferentialfunctionofplacedeixis.

3.Timedeixis

Timeortemporaldeixisconcernsitselfwiththevarioustimesinvolvedinandreferredtoinanutterance.Thisincludestimeadverbslike“now”,“then”,“soon”,andsoforth,andalsodifferenttenses.Agoodexampleisthewordtomorrow,whichdenotestheconsecutivenextdayaftereveryday.The“tomorrow”ofadaylastyearwasadifferentdaythanthe“tomorrow”ofadaynextweek.Timeadverbscanberelativetothetimewhenanutteranceismade（whatFillmorecallsthe“encodingtime”,orET）orwhentheutteranceisheard（Fillmore’s“decodingtime”,orDT）.Whilethesearefrequentlythesametime,theycandiffer,asinthecaseofprerecordedbroadcastsofcorrespondence.Forexample,ifoneweretowrite

Itisrainingoutnow,butIhopewhenyoureadthisitwillbesunny.

theETandDTwouldbedifferent,withtheformerdeictictermconcerningETandthelattertheDT.

Tensesaregenerallyseparatedintoabsolute（deictic）andrelativetenses.So,forexample,simpleEnglishpasttenseisabsolute,suchasin

Hewent.

whilethepluperfectisrelativetosomeotherdeicticallyspecifiedtime,asin

Hehadgone.

Thereferentialtimedeixishasitsspecificmeaning,theaboveexamplesarethebestreflectionofreferentialfunctionoftimedeixis,whichrefertoacertaintimesomeactionstakeplace,andweshouldpayattentiontothisaspectofreferentialfunction.

4.Discoursedeixis

Discoursedeixis,alsoreferredtoastextdeixis,andreferstotheuseofexpressionswithinanutterancetorefertopartsofthediscoursethatcontainstheutterance-includingtheutteranceitself.Forexample,in

Thisisagreatstory.

“This”referstoanupcomingportionofthediscourse,andin

Thatwasanamazingday.

“That”referstoapriorportionofthediscourse.

5.Socialdeixis

Socialdeixisconcernssocialinformationthatisencodedwithinvariousexpressions,suchasrelativesocialstatusandfamiliarity.Twomajorformsofitaretheso-calledT-Vdistinctionsandhonorifics,whichwehavementionedbefore.

Theabovediscussionsareallconcernedwiththereferentialfunctionofdeixis.NextIwillmainlyintroduceyouthenon-referentialfunctionofdeixis.

.Non-referentialfunctionofdeixis

Deixisnotonlyhasitsreferentialfunction,butalsohasnon-referentialfunction,whichwedon’tattachgreatimportanceto.Thefollowingwillfocusonthisaspect.

Therearetwotypesofpersondeixisastothenon-referentialfunction:

oneistheuseofextensiveperson,theotherisreferenceincontext（anaphora&

cataphora）.

（1）.Non-referentialfunctionsingularfirstpersondeixis（I）.

Thisfunctionreferstopersonpronounreplacingthenon-infinitivepronouninainformalcontext.The“I”notreferstothespecificspeakerorlistener,butreferstothewholeclassincludingspeakerandlistener;

“I”nomoremaintainsthereferentialmeaning,butthenon-referentialmeaning.Forexample,

Ifpeopledon’toffendme,Iwon’t;

ifpeopleoffend,Iwill.

Here,“I”referstotheChinaCommunistParty,notChairmanMao,inthissentence;

“I”don’trefertoaspecificspeaker,butreferstoeverymanintheCommunistParty.Thisisthenon-referentialfunctionofpersondeixis.

（2）.Non-referentialfunctionofthepluralfirstpersondeixis（we）.

First,let’sseeanexample.

Ibelieve,wewon’tletdowntheCommunistPartyandthewholecountry.

“we”hasthefriendlyrelatio