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IJKL
MNOP
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UVWX
YZ
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AbrasionResistance
Theabilityofamaterialtowithstandmechanicalactionssuchasrubbing,scraping,orerosion,thattendprogressivelytoremovematerialfromitssurface.
Accelerator
Additivewhichspeedsuptherateofacurereaction,muchlikeatruechemicalcatalyst,nottrulyapartofthereactionorotherwiserequiredbyorconsumedinthereaction.
AcceptableRunner/CavityRatio
Runnersystemsdesignedforhighpressuredropstominimizematerialusageandincreasefrictionalheatingintherunner.
Additives/Filters/Reinforcements
Additivesarematerialsthatareaddedtoapolymertoproduceadesiredchangeinmaterialpropertiesorcharacteristics.Awidevarietyofadditivesarecurrentlyusedinthermoplastics,toexpandorextendmaterialproperties,enhanceprocessability,modifyaesthetics,orincreaseenvironmentalresistance.AdditivesenhancepropertieslikeflameretardancyandUVlightstability.Reinforcingfibersmodifymechanicalproperties:
improvemodulusandlowerimpact.Fillersusuallyincreasemodulusvalues.Fillersarealsousedtomodifymoldingpropertiesortolowercosts.Plasticiserslowermodulusandenhanceflexibility.
AdhesiveAssembly
Theprocessofjoiningtwoormoreplasticpartsbymeansofanadhesive.
Afterflame
Persistenceofflamingofamaterialaftertheignitionsourcehasbeenremoved.After-flametimeordurationofflameisthelengthoftimeforwhichamaterialcontinuestoflame,underspecifiedtestconditions,aftertheignitionsourcehasbeenremoved."
Self-extinguishing"
and"
Self-extinguishability"
aretermswhichare:
notrecommended,owingtotheriskofmisunderstanding.
Afterglow
Persistenceofglowingofamaterialafterflaminghasstoppedor-ifnoflamingoccurs-aftertheignitionsourcehasbeenremoved.
Aging/Degradation/Deterioration
Agingisachangeinthechemicaland/orphysicalstructureofamaterialcausedbyheatorlight.Itcanresultinamajordecreaseofpropertyvalues.Alsocalleddegradationordeterioration.
Air-LessSpraying
Amethodofatomizingpaintbyhydraulicpressure.
Alloy/Blends
Termsusedintheplasticsindustrytodenoteblendsofpolymersorcopolymerswithotherpolymersorelastomers.-i.e.ABS/Polycarbonate.Polymerblendsarecombinationsoftwoormoredifferentmisciblepolymers:
mechanicallyentangledratherthanchemicallybonded.Blendingisaprocessofmixingorreactingtwoormorepolymerresinstoobtainimprovedpropertiesoftheproduct.Blendingallowsfortailoringofspecificproperties.Eachindividualpolymerhasdesirablecharacteristicsbutlackssomespecificproperty.Whentheseindividualpropertiesarecombinedtheresultantblendoralloywillexhibitcharacteristicsfromeachoftheparentpolymers.Ingeneral,nocleardifferenceisseenbetweentheterms'
alloys'
and'
blends'
.
AmbientTemperature
Thetemperatureofamediumsurroundinganobject.Thetermisoftenusedtodenoteprevailingroomtemperature.
Amorphous/Semi-crystalline
Asathermoplasticpolymermeltsolidifies,thechainsofmoleculescancombinetoformorderedmolecularstructuresorcrystallites.Amorphouspolymersarepolymers,whicharenotabletocrystallize.Theyarerandomlyorientedanddonotexhibitanyorderedmolecularstructureatall.Amorphousresinsrelyonincreasedchainlengths(highermolecularweight)andphysicalentanglementsforstructuralintegrity.Thestructure"
lookslikespaghetti"
.Acrystallinepolymerhasapolymerchainshowinganorderedmolecularstructure-crystallineregionssurroundedbyamorphousones.Theterm"
crystalline"
isactuallywrong,sincecrystallinepolymericmaterialsareonly"
semi-crystalline"
innature.Thecrystallinestructuredoesnotexistthroughtheentirepolymer:
thereareregionsoforderedmolecularstructureandalsoregionsofnoorder.
Anisotropic/Isotropic
Anisotropicmeans,"
exhibitingpropertieswithdifferentvalueswhenmeasuredalongaxesindifferentdirections"
.Thepropertiesinanisotropicmaterialsmaydifferwiththedirectioninwhichtheyaremeasured;
inisotropicmaterialsthepropertiesareindependentofthedirectioninwhichtheyaremeasured.
Anisotropy
Thetendencyofamaterialtoreactdifferentlytostressesappliedindifferentdirections.
Annealing
Theprocessofrelievingstressesinmoldedplasticarticlesbyheatingtoapredeterminedtemperature,maintainingthistemperatureforapredeterminedlengthoftime,andslowlycoolingthearticlestobepaintedwhichmightcrazeduetosolventattack.
ANSI
AbbreviationforAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute.
Anti-foggingAgents
Additiveswhichpreventorreducethecondensationofwateronaplasticfilmintheformofsmalldropletswhichresemblefog.
Antioxidant
Additiveswhichinhibitoxidationatnormalorelevatedtemperatures.
Antistatic/Antidust
Anantistaticagentisachemicalwhichiscompoundedintoaplasticmaterial,orisacoatingonthesurface.Ithastheeffectofdecreasingthesurfaceresistivity,whichavoidsgenerationofstaticelectricityonthesurfaceandavoidsattractionofdust.Lowlevelofagents:
搇owdust.?
Higherlevelscreate揳ntistatic?
behavior.
ApparentModulus
Designersareinterestedinknowingthestrainresultingfromaknownstressatagiventemperatureandtime.Theincreasedstrainatconstantstressmaybereportedasapparentmodulus.Alsocalled搑educedmodulus.?
Indicatesthestiffnessofamaterialafterithasbeenunderaloadforaperiodoftime.
Application/Article/Component/Part
Anactualpartmoldedoutofthermoplasticmaterial.
ArcResistance
Theabilityofaplasticmaterialtoresistbreakdownwhenahighvoltage,lowcurrentelectricalarcissentjustabovethesurface.Theamountoftimethatittakesthearctoformalongthesurfaceinsteadofthroughtheairisthelistedrating.Usefulforcomparisononly.AdherencetoULspecificationsmustbemaintained.
ArcTracking
Arctrackingistheformationofaconductingpathacrossthesurfaceofaninsulatingmaterialbyarcdischarge.Arcresistanceisameasurefortheinsulationcharacteristicsofaresinagainstthathighvoltagearc;
itisthenumberofsecondsthatamaterialresiststheformationofasurfaceconductingpathwhensubjectedtoanintermittentlyoccurringarcofhighvoltage,lowcurrentcharacteristics.Usefulforcomparisononly.TestedaccordingtoUL746AorASTMD495:
SeealsoPLC.
ArcTrackingRate
Theratethatanarccanbeproducedonthesurfaceofamaterial.Typicalunitsarein/min.Usefulforcomparisononly.AdherencetoULspecificationsmustbemaintained.
ArtificiallyBalancedRunnerSystem
Balancingarunnersystembyadjustingthepressuredropofalonglargediameterrunneragainstashortsmalldiameterrunner.Sincepressuredropoverthesmalldiameterrunnerwillbemuchmoreaffectedbyheatlossthanthelargediameterrunner,anartificiallybalancedrunnersystemwillworkwithasetrangeofmoldingconditions.Thewidthofthisrangeofmoldingconditionsdeterminesthestabilityofthemolding.
AshContent
Thesolidresidueremainingafterasubstancehasbeenincineratedorheatedtoatemperaturesufficienttodriveoffallcombustibleorvolatilesubstances.
Assembly
Theprocessofjoiningpartsbyanyofseveralmethods.
ASTM
ASTM,ortheAmericanSocietyforTestingMaterials-foundedin1898-isascientificorganizationformedfor搕hedevelopmentofstandardsoncharacteristicsandperformanceofmaterials,products,systemsandservices?
Itistheworld抯largestsourceofvoluntaryconsensusstandards.
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Backflow
Themeltflowsbackoutofthemold,returningtotherunners.
BackPressure
Theappliedhydraulicpressureusedtorestricttheshotsizeformation.Appliedtothebackofameltaccumulatororreciprocatingscrew.Usedtocontrolscrewdrift,mixing,andshotsizeadjustments.Inmolding,backpressureincreasesthetemperatureofthemelt,andcontributestobettermixingofcolorsandhomogeneityofthematerial.
BalancedRunner
Ininjectionmolding,arunnersystemdesignedtoplaceallcavitiesatthesamedistancefromthesprue.
BallHardness
Theballindentationmethoddeterminesthehardnessofplasticsbyusingaloadedballindenterofpredefineddimensions.BallhardnessH358/30isderived:
358newtonsloaddividedbythesurfaceareaoftheimpressioninthematerialafter30secondsloadapplication.ItisexpressedinN/mm2.
BallPressureTest
Anindicationofamaterial抯abilitytowithstandheatgeneratedbyenergizedelectricalcircuits.Materialdeformationismeasuredafterheatandpressurehavebeenapplied.Componentsretaininglivepartsinpositionshouldpassataminimumof257oF(125oC).
Barrel
Cylinderthatcontainsthescrewandtheheaters.Builttowithstandpressureof7,500-20,000psi.
BarrelHeaters
Heatersthatraisethebarreltemperatureinordertotransformthethermoplasticmaterialintoamelt.
Bite
Solventattackdirectlyonthesurfaceofthesubstrate.
BlackParticles
Largerpiecesofdegradedmaterial,typicallycausedbyimproperequipmentdesignorlackofperiodicpreventivemaintenance(sizeis0.11squaremillimeterorlarger).
BlackSpecks
Aspecifickindofinclusion/contaminationoftenassociatedwithdegradedmaterials(0.10squaremillimeterorsmaller).
BlastFinis