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TheRenaissance(文艺复兴)
1.时期:
duringthe16thcentury(1550———1642)
2.国家:
GreekandRoman.AlsoEnglandindrama.
3.定义:
ThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandscienceafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism。
类型:
dramaandcanto(诗章)。
5。
keywork:
humanism-——admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement。
ThomasMore——-Utopiain1516。
FrancisBacon—--thegreatEnglishscientistandphilosopher。
ChristopherMarlowe——-thegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama
EdmundSpenser(埃德蒙·
斯宾塞)-—-—TheFaerieQueene(仙后)
Chapter5WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)
HeisthegreatestofEnglishauthors,theworld’spre-eminentdramatist.
Oneofthefirstfoundersofrealism.
3。
Amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.
4.四大悲剧:
Hamlet
Othello
KingLear
TheTragedyofMacbeth.
创作阶段:
comedy:
1590-1600
tragedy:
1601—1608
tragicomedies:
1609-1612
22年写了37plays,2narrativepoems,154sonnets.
6。
Hamlet:
ItistheprofoundestexpressionofShakespeare'
shumanismandcriticismofcontemporaryworld。
ThecharacterofHamlet.1。
Ahumanist,freefromprejudicesandsuperstitions。
Lovingtheworldinsteadoftheheaven。
2。
Treatpeoplewithlove。
Disgustedwithuncle’sdrunkenness。
Shockedbymother’sshallowness。
3.Intellectualgenius。
Closeobserver.“Denmarkisaprison"
。
4.ThemelancholyofHamlet—thekeynoteofHamlet'
scharacter。
Heistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger。
ContrastisanimportantstructuralprincipleinHamlet.Shakespeare’splaysaregenerallywell—organized,withharmonyandorderdisbalancedatthebeginning,socialconflictssharpenedinthemiddleandharmonyandorderrestoredattheend。
Themes:
Hypocrisy,treacheryoftheroyalcourtandofthesocietyasawhole。
Revengetheme(Justicebyviolence)Lackoffaithv.loveThedoomofambitionThetragedyofHamlet:
Anindividualv.mightyevilforceofthewholesociety
7.ThemerchantofVeniceisnottragedy.
8。
sonnet18ShallIcomparethee(你)toasummer’sday?
1-4起,5-8承,9-12转,13-14合.
simile,rhetoricquestion,alliteration,personification,couplet(对偶)。
③The
message
is
that
in
this
world
no
beauty
(in
Nature)
can
stay
except
poetry
or
art;
and
your
only
last
if
I
write
it
down
my
poetry.
Also
notice
the
love
play.
Apparently
poet
addressing
a
man
of
his
heart,
wooing
sounds
more
like
game
play
than
anything
real
sincere.
The
here
too
conditional
to
be
genuine.
Structure:
Proposal(line1—2)Argument(line3-12)Conclusion(line13-14)
Chapter6FrancisBacon-——essayist
1.Bacon’sworksmaybedividedintothreeclasses.ThemostimportantaretheEssays。
thephilosophical---theadvancementoflearning
theliterary-——essays
theprofessionalworks—-—maximsofthelawandreadingonthestatuteofuses.
TheessaysofBaconaresohighlyesteemed。
3."
GreatPlace”istheBacon'
sworldly—wisephilosophy.
OfStudies’mainidea:
thetextisthatof1;
.652editions。
usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies。
writingstyle:
brevity,compactness,powerfulness,well—arranged。
TheperiodofRevolutionandRestoration(资产阶级革命与王政复辟)
1.The17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuous(动荡)periodsinEngland.
文学特点:
ThePuritanAgewasoneofconfusion,duetobreakingupofoldideas。
Intheabsenceofanyfixedstandardofliterarycriticismtherewasnothingtopreventtheexaggerationofthe“metaphysical”poets(玄学派)。
Poetrytooknewandstartlingform。
Afterthatprosebecamesomber(忧郁)。
JohnMilton--—theindomitablePuritanspiritfounditsnoblestexpression.(约翰·
弥尔顿充分体现了清教徒不屈不挠的精神)
Restoration(王政复辟)createdaliteratureofitsown,whichwasoftenwitty(机敏)andclever,butonthewholeimmoral(颓废)andcynical(愤世嫉俗)。
Themostpopularworkwascomedywhosechiefaimwastoentertainthelicentiousaristocrats(贵族)。
JohnDryden,critic,poetandplaywrightwasthemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureofthattime。
Chapter8JohnMilton
1.ParadiseLostpresentstheauthor’sviewinanallegoricreligiousform(宗教讽喻的形式),andreaderswilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea---theexposure(揭露)ofreactionary(反革命)forcesofhistimeandthepassionateappealforfreedom.
Itconsiststwelvebooks。
Itismarkedforitsintricate(结构复杂)andcontradictorycomposition.
TheAgeofEnlightenment(启蒙运动)——-prose(散文时代)
背景:
1。
TheRevolutionof1688,markedtheendofthelongstruggleforpoliticalfreedominEngland.Theyhavetwoparties:
theliberalWigs(自由派辉格党)andtheconservativeTories(保守派托利党)。
TheEnlightenmentwasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisie(资产阶级)againstfeudalism(封建主义).Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality(阶级不平等),stagnation(停滞),prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.
3.Theenlightenersrepudiate(颠覆)thefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousness(邪恶)ofhumannature,andprovethatmanisbornkindandhonest,andifhebecomesdepraved(腐败),itisonlyduetotheinfluenceofcorruptedsocialenvironment。
流派:
thereignofso–calledClassicism(古典主义)、therevivalofromanticpoetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、thebeginningsofthemodernnovel(刚启萌的现代派小说)。
主要人物:
AlexanderPope,hiscontributiontothetheoryandpracticeofprosody:
elaboratedcertainregulationsforthestyleofpoeticalworks(精心设计诗歌格式)andmadepopulartheheroiccouplets(英雄双韵体诗歌)—--fivefootiambicsrhymedincouplets(五步抑扬格对偶句)
DanielDefoe—--—RobinsonCrusoe(1719),itwasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovel.
HenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmollet—-——-therealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovel.
Samuel
Richardson--Pamela-—The
method
psychological
analysis(
心理分析的方法)
JonathanSwift—--——themostoutstandingpersonalityoftheepochofEnlightenmentinEngland.Heruthlesslyexposedthedirtymercenaryessenceofbourgeoisrelationships。
Themiddleofthe18thcenturyinEnglandcameanewliterarycurrent-—sentimentalism
Thelatterhalfofthe18thcenturywastheso-calledpre-romanticism(前浪漫主义)。
IthadareactionagainsttheEnlightenment,mostlyin“Gothicnovel"
(哥特式小说)
ThemysteriouselementplaysanenormousroleintheGothicnovel,itissorepletewithbloodcurdlingscenesandunnaturalfeelingsthatitisjustlycalled“anovelofhorrors”。
Chapter10DanielDefoe
1.Heisoftengiventhecreditforthediscoveryofthemodernnovel.(开创了现代派小说的先河)
RobinsonCrusoe-—-headthelistofmodernfiction-—-anadventurestory。
3.60岁因鲁滨逊漂流记走红。
4.works:
CaptainSingleton,DuncanCampbell,MemoirsofaCavalier——-1720
ColonelJack,MollFlanders,AJournalofthePlagueYear(amazingrealistic)-—-1722
ThePoliticalHistoryoftheDevil--—1726
Chapter11JonathanSwift
1.thetaleofatub(木桶的故事)andGulliver’sTravels(格列弗游记)———-thegreatestsatiresintheEnglishlanguage.
2.thetaleofatub—--asatireonthevariouschurchesoftheday。
1704publishedwithTheBattleoftheBooks(书战)。
Gulliver'
sTravels-——comprisetheextraordinaryadventuresofDoctorGulliver。
Alsohasfantasticlandsvisitedbyhim,theirsocialsystems,waysandcustomsoftheirinhabitants。
Thefeaturesofthisbook:
novisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevoice;
thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashesoffoolingwhenSwift’ssenseoftheridiculourgetsthebetterofhim.(怒不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态.)
5.AModestProposal-—-ismadetoEnglishgovernmenttorelievethepovertyofIrishpeople。
Thebitterironyofthepamphletexpressesswift’sgreatsympathyfortheoppressedandhungrypeasantsofIrelandandhisangeratEnglishlandlord(地主)(强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。
)书p189
Chapter13HenryFielding
Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”。
Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle。
2.JonathanWild(1743)——-thestoryofaroguewhichsuggestedDefoe’snarrative
TheHistoryofTomJonesaFounding(1749)—--hisbestwork
Amelia(1751)—-—astoryofagoodwifeincontrastwithanunworthyhusband.
PartVTheRomanticPeriod
WiththepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’sLyricalBallads(《抒情歌谣集》)(1798)incollaborationwithSamuelTaylorColeridge(S·
T·
柯勒律治)。
RomanticismbegantobloomandfoundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature。
ItwasgreatlyinfluencedbytheIndustrialRevolution(工业革命)andtheFrenchRevolution(法国大革命)
ItwasamidthesesocialconflictsthatRomanticismaroseasamainliterarytrend,whichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItbeganwiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsandendedwithWalterScott'
sdeath(1832)。
(浪漫主义作为一股新的主流文学潮流兴起,并在1798-1832年间进入兴盛时期。
1798年华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》的出版标志着浪漫主义文学的开始,1832年沃尔特·
司各特的去世则标志着浪漫主义文学的中介)
Chapter19WilliamWordsworth
WilliamWordsworth(