文化链接和写作复习重点春季学期Word格式文档下载.docx

文化链接和写作复习重点春季学期Word格式文档下载.docx

《文化链接和写作复习重点春季学期Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《文化链接和写作复习重点春季学期Word格式文档下载.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

5.P215QuestionsforDiscussion2

6.P253QuestionsforDiscussion3

期末考试的第五大题名词解释（1个题目）出自以下的Partone中。

第一大题文化知识题主要出自以下的Partone和Parttwo中。

请尤其注意划线部分。

PartOne：

CultureLinksforTestPaper’sPartV（名词解释题）

1.AmericanDreamintwosenses

300yearsago,whentheBritishimmigrantssailedacrosstheAtlanticaboard"

Mayflower"

（五月花号）toMaryland,lookingforapieceof"

pureland"

forthePuritans（清教徒）,"

AmericanDream"

hadstartedsproutingquietly.Americagiveseveryoneintheworldanequalopportunity.Aslongasyouworkhard,youcanrealizeyourdream.Now,300yearslater,thecountryhasbecomethelandofplenty,however,the"

AmericanDream"

hasnotdisappeared.Withthechangesofhistory,ithasgotmore"

connotations（内涵，含意）"

.Andthe"

hasbecomeanimportantpartofAmericanculture.

TheAmericanDreamcanbeunderstoodintwosenses.Inthebroadsense,itreferstotheAmericans’pursuitofvaluessuchasequality,freedom,democracy;

inthenarrowsense,itisakindoftrustthatintheUnitedStatesyouaresuretoobtainabetterlifeafteralonghardstruggle,or,inotherwords,throughyourownhardwork,courage,creativity,anddetermination,ratherthanrelyingonaparticularsocialclassandthehelpofothers,youcanachievesuccessandprosperity.

AmericanDreamhasbecomesopowerfulbecauseitisbuiltonarealisticbasis.ItnotonlyreflectstheAmericanideal,butalsoreflectstherealityoftheUnitedStates.Ifthereisnorealbasis,itwillbeunimaginableforittowinsupportamongsomanypeople.

Sincethefoundingofthenationin1776,generationsofAmericanshavehadafirmbeliefinthe"

AmericanDream“.FromthelogcabinboyLincolntoaKenyanblack’ssonObama,oneexampleafteranother,theyhavebeeninspiringAmericanpeopletoworkevenharder.Atthesametime,the"

AmericanDream"

hasbeeninspiringyoungpeoplearoundtheworldtocometothislandtocreatetheirownvalue,realizetheirowndream.AndtheUnitedStateshasthusbecomethecradleofglobalsuccess.

2.TheAmericanCivilWar

TheAmericanCivilWaristheonlycivilwarinAmericanhistory.ItisamilitaryconflictbetweentheUnitedStatesofAmerica（theUnion）andtheConfederateStatesofAmerica（theConfederacy）from1861to1865.

TheAmericanCivilWarbeganonApril12,1861,whenConfederatearmyopenedfireonFortSumter（萨姆特堡）inCharlestonHarbor,SouthCarolina,andlasteduntilMay26,1865,whenthelastConfederatearmysurrendered.

Thechiefandimmediatecauseofthewarwasslavery.Southernstatesdependedonslaverytosupporttheireconomy.Southernersusedslavelabortoproducecrops,especiallycotton.In1861whentheanti-slaverypoliticianLincolntookofficeasPresident,11southernstatessecededoneafteranotherfromtheUnionandformedtheConfederacy.OnApril12,1861,theirarmyopenedfireonFortSumterandtheCivilWarbegan.Forthesakeofsafeguardingtheunityofthecountry,LincolnledtheFederalgovernmenttofightresolutelyagainsttheslaveownersintheSouth.Butonlyafter4yearsofbloodybattlesdidthewarcometoanendatlastwhenthelastConfederatearmysurrendered.

TheAmericanCivilWarhashadafar-reachinginfluenceontheUnitedStates.ThankstotheWar,theUnionwassavedandtheslaverysystemcametoitsend,whichhaspavedthewayforthedevelopmentofAmerica’scapitalism.AndatthesametimeithastaughttheAmericanpeoplealesson.FromthehorrificcasualtiesofthetwosidesoftheWar,theAmericanpeoplehavecometorealizethat,nomatteritbeafamilyoracountry,thereisnowinnerifbrothersfightagainsteachother.Therefore,theyvalueunityallthemore.AndafterthattherehasneverbeenacivilwarintheUS.

3.Thegoverningconceptof“governmentofthe

people,bythepeopleandforthepeople”

InthisGettysburgaddress,Lincolnsetforthhisgoverningconceptinabriefandclearmanner,whichisacorrectunderstandingandaccurateorientationoftherelationshipbetweengovernmentandpeople.AndthisisactuallythegoverningconceptabidedbyalltheadministrationsintheUS,thatis,governmentmustbeagovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople.Thisconceptisbriefandconcisebutwithprofoundconnotationsandfar-reachingsignificance.Here,Lincolnusedthreeprepositionstovividlydescribethenatureofgovernment:

of:

referstoaffiliation（归属）,statingthatgovernmentisaffiliatedtopeople,nottheopposite.

by:

referstodoers,statingthat,fundamentallyspeaking,allgovernmentpowerisimplementedby

thepeople（orrepresentativeselectedbythem）.Governmentofficialsare,sotospeak,elected

bythepeopletoimplementtheexecutivepoweronbehalfthepeople.

for:

referstogoal,meaningthatgovernmenthasthegoalofthepeopleastheirgoal,notthe

opposite.

Intheconcept“ofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople”,themostimportantis“bythepeople”.Withoutit,“ofthepeople”and“forthepeople”wouldhavelostitsbasis.Totestifagovernmentisreally“agovernmentofthepeopleandforthepeople”,theonlycriterionistoseeifitisgoverned“bythepeople”,i.e.whetherthegovernmentpowerisimplementedbyrepresentatives“really”electedbythepeople.

4.IsolationismintheUnitedStates

IsolationismintheUnitedStatesisalong-standingdiplomaticprincipleinAmericandiplomatichistory.Thisprinciple,establishedbyGeorgeWashington,formedintheearlyyearsoftheRepublic,hasbeenthebasisforforeignpoliciesimplementedbytheUnitedStatesforalongtime.Butisolationismhasneverbeenapolicyofisolatingitselffromtheoutsideworld.TheaimofthisprinciplewastopreventthestillfledglingnationfrominvolvingintoEuropeanaffairssothatitcouldsurviveanddevelopinapeacefulenvironment.

Isolationismwasasuccessfulandwisechoiceforthenewly-establishednation,helpingittowinthetimefordevelopment,expanditsterritory.ThispolicyhasalsolaidanimportantfoundationforthesteadyandrapiddevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesinthelatenineteenthcentury.

Thisdiplomaticprinciplecontinueduntilthemid-1930s.InAugust1935,theUSCongresspassedtheNeutralityActs,fullyreflectingtheAmericanisolationistprinciple.ItwasnotuntilaftertheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWarthattheUSisolationistdiplomaticprinciplebegantochangegraduallyundertheeffortsofPresidentFranklinRoosevelt.TheexperienceofWorldWarIIchangedAmericanattitudestowardisolationism.TheUnitedStatesrecognizedthattobesafeitneededallies.Asaresult,thecountry’spostwarpolicywasbasedoninternationalcooperationandcollectivesecurity.

5.TheGreatDepressionandtheNewDeal

WhenRooseveltwasinauguratedMarch4,1933,theU.S.wasatthenadir（最低点）oftheworstdepressioninitshistory.Aquarteroftheworkforcewasunemployed.Farmerswereindeeptroubleaspricesfellby60%.Industrialproductionhadfallenbymorethanhalfsince1929.Twomillionwerehomeless.BytheeveningofMarch4,32ofthe48states–aswellastheDistrictofColumbia–hadclosedtheirbanks.

Thenewpresident,FranklinRoosevelt,broughtanairofconfidenceandoptimismthatquicklyralliedthepeopletothebannerofhisprogram,knownastheNewDeal.TheNewDealwasaseriesofeconomicprogramsenactedintheUnitedStatesbetween1933and1936.TheyinvolvedpresidentialexecutiveordersorlawspassedbyCongressduringthefirsttermofPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt.TheprogramswereinresponsetotheGreatDepression,andfocusedonwhathistorianscallthe"

3Rs"

:

Relief,Recovery,andReform.Reliefwasurgentlyneededbytensofmillionsofunemployed.Recoverymeantboostingtheeconomybacktonormal.Reformmeantlong-termfixesofwhatwaswrong,especiallywiththefinancialandbankingsystems.

Roosevelt'

sNewDealreshapedtheeconomyandstructureoftheUnitedStates,easedtheeconomiccrisisandsocialproblemscausedbythetheDepression.Ittransformedbasiceconomicprinciplesofeconomicsfromalaissezfaire（自由放任的）capitalistsocietytoamanagedeconomicsystem..TheseprogramsprovedtobeeffectiveandextremelybeneficialtotheAmericansocietyassomestillprovidetheeconomicsecurityandbenefitstoday.

6.Lend-LeaseAct

Lend-LeaseActwastheprogramenactedin1941,underwhichAmericasuppliedtheanti-fascistcountriesandtheAlliednationswithmateriel（战争物资）.

TheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWarmadeAmericagraduallythreatenedbytheinvasionandexpansionofNaziGermany.Americadecidedtoprovidemoresupplytostruggling,cash-strappedBritainsoastomaintainthesecurityanddefenseofAmerica,expanditssphereofinfluenceandmeanwhileguaranteetheleadingpositionofAmericaintheworldaftertheworldwar.

OnDecember17th,1940,PresidentRooseveltdeliveredaspeech,inwhichhementionedthatAmericacouldlendmunitions（军火）.OnMarch11th,1941Lend-LeaseActformallywentintoeffect.Theprogramauthorizedthepresidenttoprovidearms,militarysupplies,etc.Underthislegislation,Americaprovidedupto50billionworthofsuppliestodozensofanti-fascistcountriessuchasUnitedKingdomandtheSovietUnion,FranceandChina,etc.UnitedKingdomwasthenationwhichgotthefirstandmostsupply.Theprogramterminated（结束）whenWorldWarIIcametoanend.

Lend-leaseprogramputanendtotheNeutralityActs（中立法案）andwasadecisivestepawayfromtheisolationistpolicy.Itbroketheconventionthat