文化链接和写作复习重点春季学期Word格式文档下载.docx

1、 5.P215 Questions for Discussion 2 6.P253 Questions for Discussion 3期末考试的第五大题名词解释（1个题目）出自以下的Part one中。第一大题文化知识题主要出自以下的Part one和Part two中。请尤其注意划线部分。 Part One：Culture Links for Test Papers Part V （名词解释题）1. American Dream in two senses300 years ago, when the British immigrants sailed across the Atlanti

2、c aboard Mayflower （五月花号） to Maryland, looking for a piece of pure land for the Puritans（清教徒）, American Dream had started sprouting quietly. America gives everyone in the world an equal opportunity. As long as you work hard, you can realize your dream. Now, 300 years later, the country has become th

3、e land of plenty, however, the American Dream has not disappeared. With the changes of history, it has got more connotations（内涵，含意） . And the has become an important part of American culture.The American Dream can be understood in two senses. In the broad sense, it refers to the Americans pursuit of

4、 values such as equality, freedom, democracy; in the narrow sense, it is a kind of trust that in the United States you are sure to obtain a better life after a long hard struggle, or, in other words, through your own hard work, courage, creativity, and determination, rather than relying on a particu

5、lar social class and the help of others, you can achieve success and prosperity.American Dream has become so powerful because it is built on a realistic basis. It not only reflects the American ideal, but also reflects the reality of the United States. If there is no real basis, it will be unimagina

6、ble for it to win support among so many people. Since the founding of the nation in 1776, generations of Americans have had a firm belief in the American Dream “. From the log cabin boy Lincoln to a Kenyan blacks son Obama, one example after another, they have been inspiring American people to work

7、even harder. At the same time, the American Dream has been inspiring young people around the world to come to this land to create their own value, realize their own dream. And the United States has thus become the cradle of global success.2. The American Civil WarThe American Civil War is the only c

8、ivil war in American history. It is a military conflict between the United States of America （the Union） and the Confederate States of America （the Confederacy） from 1861 to 1865.The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate army opened fire on Fort Sumter（萨姆特堡） in Charleston Harb

9、or, South Carolina, and lasted until May 26, 1865, when the last Confederate army surrendered.The chief and immediate cause of the war was slavery. Southern states depended on slavery to support their economy. Southerners used slave labor to produce crops, especially cotton. In 1861 when the anti-sl

10、avery politician Lincoln took office as President, 11 southern states seceded one after another from the Union and formed the Confederacy . On April 12, 1861, their army opened fire on Fort Sumter and the Civil War began. For the sake of safeguarding the unity of the country, Lincoln led the Federal

11、 government to fight resolutely against the slave owners in the South. But only after 4 years of bloody battles did the war come to an end at last when the last Confederate army surrendered. The American Civil War has had a far-reaching influence on the United States. Thanks to the War, the Union wa

12、s saved and the slavery system came to its end, which has paved the way for the development of Americas capitalism. And at the same time it has taught the American people a lesson. From the horrific casualties of the two sides of the War, the American people have come to realize that, no matter it b

13、e a family or a country, there is no winner if brothers fight against each other. Therefore, they value unity all the more. And after that there has never been a civil war in the US.3. The governing concept of “government of the people, by the people and for the people”In this Gettysburg address, Li

14、ncoln set forth his governing concept in a brief and clear manner, which is a correct understanding and accurate orientation of the relationship between government and people. And this is actually the governing concept abided by all the administrations in the US, that is, government must be a govern

15、ment of the people, by the people and for the people. This concept is brief and concise but with profound connotations and far-reaching significance. Here, Lincoln used three prepositions to vividly describe the nature of government:of: refers to affiliation（归属）, stating that government is affiliate

16、d to people, not the opposite.by: refers to doers, stating that, fundamentally speaking, all government power is implemented by the people （or representatives elected by them）. Government officials are, so to speak, elected by the people to implement the executive power on behalf the people.for: ref

17、ers to goal, meaning that government has the goal of the people as their goal, not the opposite. In the concept “of the people, by the people, for the people”, the most important is “by the people”. Without it, “of the people” and “for the people” would have lost its basis. To test if a government i

18、s really “a government of the people and for the people”, the only criterion is to see if it is governed “by the people”, i.e. whether the government power is implemented by representatives “really” elected by the people. 4. Isolationism in the United StatesIsolationism in the United States is a lon

19、g-standing diplomatic principle in American diplomatic history. This principle, established by George Washington, formed in the early years of the Republic, has been the basis for foreign policies implemented by the United States for a long time. But isolationism has never been a policy of isolating

20、 itself from the outside world. The aim of this principle was to prevent the still fledgling nation from involving into European affairs so that it could survive and develop in a peaceful environment.Isolationism was a successful and wise choice for the newly-established nation, helping it to win th

21、e time for development, expand its territory. This policy has also laid an important foundation for the steady and rapid development of the United States in the late nineteenth century.This diplomatic principle continued until the mid-1930s. In August 1935, the US Congress passed the Neutrality Acts

22、, fully reflecting the American isolationist principle. It was not until after the outbreak of the Second World War that the US isolationist diplomatic principle began to change gradually under the efforts of President Franklin Roosevelt. The experience of World War II changed American attitudes tow

23、ard isolationism. The United States recognized that to be safe it needed allies. As a result, the countrys postwar policy was based on international cooperation and collective security. 5. The Great Depression and the New Deal When Roosevelt was inaugurated March 4, 1933, the U.S. was at the nadir（最

24、低点） of the worst depression in its history. A quarter of the workforce was unemployed. Farmers were in deep trouble as prices fell by 60%. Industrial production had fallen by more than half since 1929. Two million were homeless. By the evening of March 4, 32 of the 48 states as well as the District

25、of Columbia had closed their banks. The new president, Franklin Roosevelt, brought an air of confidence and optimism that quickly rallied the people to the banner of his program, known as the New Deal. The New Deal was a series of economic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936.

26、 They involved presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. Relief was urgently needed by tens of m

27、illions of unemployed. Recovery meant boosting the economy back to normal. Reform meant long-term fixes of what was wrong, especially with the financial and banking systems. Roosevelts New Deal reshaped the economy and structure of the United States, eased the economic crisis and social problems cau

28、sed by the the Depression. It transformed basic economic principles of economics from a laissez faire（自由放任的）capitalist society to a managed economic system. These programs proved to be effective and extremely beneficial to the American society as some still provide the economic security and benefits

29、 today. 6. Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act was the program enacted in 1941, under which America supplied the anti-fascist countries and the Allied nations with materiel（战争物资）. The outbreak of the Second World War made America gradually threatened by the invasion and expansion of Nazi Germany. America d

30、ecided to provide more supply to struggling, cash-strapped Britain so as to maintain the security and defense of America, expand its sphere of influence and meanwhile guarantee the leading position of America in the world after the world war. On December 17th, 1940, President Roosevelt delivered a s

31、peech, in which he mentioned that America could lend munitions（军火）. On March 11th, 1941 Lend-Lease Act formally went into effect. The program authorized the president to provide arms, military supplies, etc. Under this legislation, America provided up to 50 billion worth of supplies to dozens of ant

32、i-fascist countries such as United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, France and China, etc. United Kingdom was the nation which got the first and most supply. The program terminated（结束） when World War II came to an end.Lend-lease program put an end to the Neutrality Acts（中立法案） and was a decisive step away from the isolationist policy. It broke the convention that