本科毕业设计论文lexical fossilization in semantic category从语义范畴研究词汇的石化现象Word下载.docx

本科毕业设计论文lexical fossilization in semantic category从语义范畴研究词汇的石化现象Word下载.docx

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LexicalFossilizationinSemanticCategory

Abstract:

Nowadays,fossilizationphenomenahavebeenpaidmuchattentiontobymanyresearchers,becauseitisaninevitabletopicinthestudyofsecondlanguageacquisition.Basedontheauthor’sdiligentresearch,itisobservedthatmanysecondlanguagelearnersarehardtoobtainanobviousprogressafterstudyingEnglishforalongtime,nomatterhowhardtheywork.Thisisactuallyakindoffossilizationphenomena，whichoftenmakessecondlanguagelearnersfeeltoughandperplexing,andalsocauses“time-consumingmore,yieldingresultslow”phenomena.Thephenomenamayoccurinalllinguisticaspectssuchasphonologicalfossilization,lexicalfossilization,pragmaticfossilizationetc.Lexis,asthebaseofalanguage,consistsofitsmostimportantpart.Thereforelexicalfossilizationiscrucialtothestudyoffossilization.

Inthisthesis,theauthorprobesintothelexicalfossilizationinsemanticcategory.Theessayisbasedontheresearchers’previousstudyaboutlexicalsemanticsandsometypicalexamples.Byanalyzingsomeobjectivecausesoffossilizationphenomenainlexicalaspect,theauthortriestofindouttheeffectivewaystopreventthefossilizederrorsinordertoimproveourEnglishlearning,suchasprovidingaccurateandappropriateL2Input.,turningtobilingualdictionary,gettingacquaintedtoculturalbackground.

Thethesisconsistsofthefollowingfourparts:

Inthefirstpart,theauthorfirstlytriestointroducethebackgroundinformationofthefossilizationphenomenaandthendiscussesthesignificanceofthisstudy.Inthesecondpart,theauthorpresentstheliteraturereviewoffossilizationphenomenainSLA,makesabriefdescriptionofthedefinitionoffossilizationandsomerelatedtermsonfossilization.Inthethirdpart,withsometypicalexamples,theauthorillustratessomecertainmanifestationoflexicalfossilizationinsemanticcategory,andthendiscussessomeobjectivecausesoffossilizationphenomenafromthethreeaspects,namely,theinfluenceofgeographicalenvironment,theinfluenceofculturalbackground,themeaningofawordkeepsupdating.Besidesthat,theauthortriestofindoutsomeeffectivewaystopreventthefossilizederrorsinlexicallearning.Inthefourthpart,theauthorarrivesataconclusionofthewholethesisandpointsoutthedirectionoffurtherstudies.

KeyWords:

fossilizationphenomena；

lexis；

semantic

Content

Introduction:

1

LiteratureReview:

2

1GeneralIntroductionofFossilization3

2ManifestationofFossilizationinsemanticcategory4

2.1EnglishSemanticMeaningPartlySimilartoChinese5

2.2EnglishSemanticMeaningsDifferentFromChinese6

2.3SemanticMeaningOnlyinEnglishorChinese7

3TheCauseofFossilization7

3.1TheInfluenceofGeographicalEnvironments8

3.2TheInfluenceofCultureBackground9

3.3TheMeaningofaWordKeepsUpdating10

4SomeTentativeMethodstoReduceFossilization10

4.1ToProvideAccurateL2Input10

4.2TurntoBilingualDictionary11

4.3GetAcquaintedtoCulturalBackground11

4.4ToRenewVocabulary12

Conclusion12

References:

13

Selinkerfirstdefinedtheterm“fossilization”as“thelongtermpersistenceofplateausofnon-target-likestructuresintheinter-languageofnon-nativespeakers（eventhosewhoareveryfluentspeakersoftheL2）hasbeencalledfossilization”.Overthepast30yearsorso,manyresearchersandlinguistshavemadevariouscarefulstudiesonfossilizationphenomena,whichisaninevitabletopicinthestudyofsecondlanguageacquisition,andtheyhaveachievedalotofinsightsinthestudiesandcontributedgreatlytoforeignlanguageteachingandlearning.

Learnerssufferfromavarietyofmanifestationoffossilizationindifferentdegree,especiallyinlexicalsemanticsfossilizationaspect.Lexis,asthebaseofalanguage,consistsofitsmostimportantpart.Onlywithitcanalanguageexistanddevelop.Inourcountry,generallyavocabularychartisattachedinanEnglishteachingmaterial,andoneorseveralChineseequivalentsarefollowedbyeverysingleword.Inthissituation,whenstudentstrytoremembertheEnglishwords,theybeartheso-calledcorrespondingChinesemeaninginmind,andstoretheminthebrain.ConsequentlywhenanEnglishwordisreferred,theywouldreflectthelimitedandsuperficialmeaningspontaneously.Astimepasses,deeply-rootedfossilizationcomesintobeing.

FossilizationisaseriousproblemtotheEnglishlearners.Ifwedon’ttakeitintoconsiderationwemaykeepstillorevenregressintheprocessoflearning.Thisthesisiswrittenundersuchasituationtomeetvariousneeds.Inthirdpart,theauthorexplainsfossilizationfromtherefreshingangleandanalyzesthecauseofmanifestationmentionedabove.Withtherecognitionconcerningthecausationoffossilization,attemptsforchangingfossilizedformsoftenmakeiteasierforustogettwofoldresultswithhalftheeffort.

Inordertoimprovelanguageproficiencyoflanguagelearnersofourcountry,sometentativemethodstopreventandreducefossilizationwillbesuggestedfromtheangleoflanguagelearning.namely,providingaccurateandappropriateL2Input.,turningtobilingualdictionary,gettingacquaintedtoculturalbackground.ThestudyoffossilizationinSLAhasbeenattractingmoreandmorepeople’sattention.Inthethesis,theauthortriestofindouttheeffectivewaystopreventthefossilizederrorstoimprovetheEnglishlearning.Thestudyoffossilizationisofgreatsignificance.Inordertoimproveourcountry’sforeignlanguageteachingandlearning,Inordertofurtherpromotingtheinternationalcommunicationandmultipleco-operationsbetweenchinaandtheoutsideworld,itisnecessarytogetabetterunderstandingofSLA.

Theconceptoffossilizationwasfirstintroducedintothesecondlanguageacquisition（SLA）literaturebySelinker,theBritishfamouslinguistandtheprofessorofLondonUniversity,tolabeltheundesirablephenomenoninL2learningthattheL2learnerfailstoreachtarget-languagecompetenceorthatnon-targetformsbecomefixedininter-language（Mukkatesh1986;

Major1988,Ellis1994,Pica1994）.Inthisdefinition,SelinkerseemstohaveseenfossilizationasawayofbothcharacterizingandexplainingtheproductoftheSLAprocessintermsofwhatmanyobserversconsideroneofitsmostprominentqualities（comparedtoL1A）,thatis,relativefailure.Overthepast30yearsorso,manyresearchersandlinguistshavemadevariousstudiesonthephenomenonoffossilization.Agreatresearcherstrytodefinefossilizationfromdifferentangles,thusthedefinitionsoffossilizationvaryagreatdeal.RandomHouseDictionarygaveanotherauthoritativedefinitionwhichgoeslikethefollowing:

Ling.（ofalinguisticform,feature,rule,etc）tobecomepermanentlyestablishedintheinter-languageofasecond-languagelearnerinaformthatisdeviantfromthetarget-languagenormandthatcontinuestoappearinperformanceregardlessoffurtherexposuretothetargetlanguage.（1987,p.755）.Fossilizationwasnow:

asituationinwhichthelearnermightproduceatargetlanguageformcorrectlyinonecontextbutnotinanother,therebyevidencingafluctuationininter-languageperformance.Inordertoqualifyasfossilization,thisfluctuationwouldhavetohavepersistedinthelearner'

sspeechforanextendedperiodoftime（perhapstwotofiveyearsattheveryleast）-inspiteofcopiousinteractionwithnativespeakersinanenvironmentwherethelearner'

sL2isspokenasafirstlanguage.（Selinker,1989）Andjustseveralyearslater,whileadmittingthatdefinitionsoffossilizationvariedwidely,Selinkerreportedtheexistenceof"

literallyhundredofstudiesintheliteraturewhichclaimtohaveshownafossilizedphenomenon,orspeculateonafossilizablephenomenon,orassumefossilizationandspeculateonitspossiblecauseinthecaseunderstudy"

（Selinker,1992）.In1992,Selinkeraddedthedimensionof“cessationoffurthersystematicdevelopmentintheinter-language"

.Inretrospect,itisclearthattheearliestdefinitionsoffossilizationdelineatedfivebasicproperties:

first,fossilizationisequivalenttocessationofdevelopment;

second,fossilizablefeaturespertaineveryaspectofIL,includingphonetic,phonological，morphological,syntactic,semantic,lexical,discoursalandpragmaticfeatures;

third,fossilizablefeaturesarepersistentandresistant;

fourth,fossilizationhitsbothadultL2learnersandchildL2learners;

fifth,fossilizablefeaturesusuallymanifestthemselvesasbackslidinginperformance.Thisfossilizationmayoccurinalllinguisticaspectssuchaspronunciation,spelling,wording,grammarstructure,ortextstructureetc.Vocabularyisoneoftheindispensablecomponentsoflanguagesystem.Itisconsideredasthemostdifficultcomponentoflanguageknowledgeforalearnertograsp.Gorman（1979）pointsoutthatthereisevidenceshowingthatasstudentsbecomemoreproficientinasecondlanguage,problemscausedspecificallybysyntacticalvariationbecomelesssignificant（Quigley,1985:

499）.Studentscanlearnwordpronunciationanditsgrammaticalrulesinarestrictedperiodoftime.Itisbecauseeitherofthemisrelativelystable,butitisnotthesamecasewithwordmeaning,whichisdeterminedbythecharacteristicsofwordmeaningitself:

diversity,variabilityandnationality.Sothestudyoflexicalfossilizationiscrucialtotheresearchoffossilization.EnglishlinguistLeechonceadopted