跨境电子商务物流供应链外文翻译文献Word文件下载.docx
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国外作者:
ArkadiuszKawa
文献出处:
《AdvancedTopicsinIntelligentInformationandDatabaseSystems》,2017.173-183
字数统计:
英文3507单词,18322字符;
中文5561汉字
外文文献:
SupplyChainsofCross-Bordere-Commerce
AbstractAfeatureofe-commerceisworldwidecoverage.Almostanypersonorcompanycanbeacustomerofanonlineshop.However,thiscommonavailabilityisinpracticequiteapparent.Despitethedynamicdevelopmentofe-commerce,communicationinotherlanguages,theformofpayment,currency,legalandtaxconditions,aswellasthedeliveryofproductsremainbarrierstothefreecross-borderflow.Thearticlefocusesonthelastfactormentionedabove.Thelackofdeliveryofgoodstoadistantplaceorarelativelylongtimeandhighcostofprovidingthepurchasedproducthindersfurtherdevelopmentofe-commerce.Thisproblemcanbesolvedbyintroducinganintermediarythatconsolidatesshipmentsfrommanyretailersanddeliversthemtomanyclientsscatteredindifferentcornersoftheworld.
Themaincontributionofthisarticleistodevelopamodelfacilitatingcooperationbetweenonlineshopsdealingwithcross-bordertrade.ThepurposeoftheideaistoreducecostsandacceleratethedeliveryofgoodsorderedabroadviatheInternet.
Keywords:
e-commerce,cross-border,supplychain,CEP(courier,expressandpostal)industry
1.Introduction
TherapiddevelopmentoftheInternet,andthusalsoe-commerce,hascreatednewdistributionchannelsformanytrading,serviceandmanufacturingcompanies.AccordingtotheEuropeanCommission,e-commerceisoneofthemainfactorsleadingtobetterprosperityandcompetitivenessofEurope.Ithassignificantpotentialthatmaycontributetoeconomicgrowthandemployment.Itisexpectedthatitsfurtherdevelopmentwillhavefar-reachingeffects,perhapsevenexceedingthechangesthatconcernedtradeoverthepastseveraldecades.Physicalpresencewhileshoppingisbecominglessandlessimportant.Customersbuyproducts,placingorderselectronically,andthepurchasedgoodsaredeliveredtotheirworkplaces,homes,click&
collectpointsandparcellockers.Placingorderinginthiswayreplacesthetriptoastore,andthedeliveryoftheconsignmenteliminatesthewaybackwiththepurchasedgoods.
Incontrastwithtraditionaltrade,onlineshoppingisinseparablyassociatedwiththedeliverytothefinalcustomer(so-calledlastmile),i.e.themostcomplicatedandcostlyprocessinthewholesupplychain.Internetretailbusinessescarryoutaverylargenumberofsmallorders.Unfortunately,therearedelaysindeliveriesaboutwhichbuyersarenotinformedatall.Customersoftendonothavetoomuchinfluenceonthechoiceofthecompanythatwilldeliverthegoods,either.ThedeliveryofthegoodsismostfrequentlyperformedbyCEP(courier,expressandpostal)companies.
Additionally,moreandmoreattentionhasrecentlybeenpaidtoexpandingbusinessactivitiesbeyondthebordersofasinglecountry.Sellerslookfornewbuyersabroad,whilecustomerswanttohaveagreaterchoiceofsuppliers.Atrendine-commercearises,then,whichisdefinedascross-bordertrade.ItisparticularlyevidentinthecountriesoftheEuropeanUnion.Itisbasedonsellingproductstocustomerswhoarelocatedinanothercountry.However,itisrelatedtoseveralproblems,suchasahighcostandlongdeliverytime,languagebarriers,differentlegalregulationsandtaxes,etc.Thehighcostandlongdeliverytimeare,inturn,associatedwiththeaforementionedproblemofthelastmile,butalsowiththeproblemoftherelativelysmallflowofgoodsbetweencountrieswhichisrealizedbyasingleCEPoperator.Sotheeconomiesofscaledonottakeplaceyet.
Therefore,thereisarealneedtooffere-commercetoretailersandto,indirectly,recommendcomprehensiveservicestotheircustomers,whichwouldinclude,ontheonehand,logisticsservicesinEurope,and,ontheotherhand,fullinformationonthequalityoftheservice.
Theaimofthisarticleistodevelopamodelofanintermediaryfacilitatingcooperationbetweenonlineshopsdealingwithcross-bordertrade.ThismodelisexpectedtocontributetocostreductionandaccelerationofthedeliveryofgoodsorderedabroadviatheInternet.
Thestructureofthearticleisasfollows.Section2describestheelectroniccross-bordertradeinEurope.Section3presentslogisticalproblemsine-commerce.Section4proposestheabove-mentionedmodel.Section5summarizesthearticleandpointstofuturedirectionsoftheresearch.
2.Cross-bordere-commerceinEurope
Currently,e-commercecanbedividedintoseveraltrendsinthefieldoflogistics,whichwilldeterminefurtherdevelopmentoftheCEPindustry.Theseare:
reverselogistics,same-daydelivery,developmentofnewmodelsofcooperationinlogistics(dropshipping,fulfillment,one-stope-commerce),brokerservicesandcross-bordertransport.Thisarticlefocusesonthelattertrend.
Cross-bordere-commercestillhasarelativelysmallshareinthewholemarketofe-commerce.In2014,approx.15%oftheEUinhabitantsmadeapurchasefromsellersfromadifferentcountry.Thisrepresentsanincreaseintheshareofthistypeoftradeby25%comparedtothepreviousyear.Noteverywhere,however,iscross-bordere-commerceequallydeveloped.Forexample,in2014only4%ofPolesmadeapurchaseontheInternetfromasellerlocatedinanothercountry,whichplacedPolandonthepenultimateplaceintheEuropeanUnion.MostforeignshoppingisdonebyLuxembourgers(65%)andAustrians(40%),andtheleastbyRomanians(1%).TheEUaverageis15%.
Thetotalvalueofthecommoditycirculationine-commercewithinindividualcountriesandamongtheEUMemberStatesisestimatedatabout€241bn.Ofthisamount,€197bn(80%)aretradedondomesticmarkets.Onlyabout€44bn(18%)crossthebordersbetweentheEUMemberStates,andanother€6bn(2%)comefromimportfromcountriesoutsidetheEU.
Itcanbeseenfromthesedatathatthepotentialofelectroniccross-bordertradewithintheEUstillremainsunexploited.Only8%ofcompaniesareinvolvedincross-borderselling.Managersoftheseenterprisesarguethatitistoocomplicatedandtooexpensive.Aspartoftheeffortstounleashthepotentialofe-commerce,theEuropeanCommissionhasadoptedapackageofproposalstostoptheunjustifiedgeo-blocking,increasethetransparencyofpackagedeliveryprices,andimprovetheenforcementofconsumerrights.
3.Logisticsproblemsofcross-bordere-commerce
Thelogisticsofproductsofferedbyonlinestoresisoneofthebasicfactorsinfluencingtheconsumer'
sdecisionaboutmakingpurchasesinthem.DeliveriesandproductreturnsareoneofthemostimportantissuesforbothonlineshoppersandonlinestoresintheEU.TheEuropeanCommissionindicatesthattheproblemliesinparticularincross-borderdeliveriesofpackagesrealizedfortheneedsofsmallandmediumenterprisesandthosesenttothelessdevelopedandlessaccessibleregions.Therefore,itputsalotofeffortintoincreasingtheavailabilityofe-commerceforallEUcitizensandbusinesses,regardlessoftheirsizeandlocation.
AnotherproblemistherelativelylittleaccesstoinformationabouttheCEPmarket,inparticularabouttheavailableservices,operatorsandprices.Manycustomersknowonlycertainoperatorswhoseservicestheycoulduse.Inthecaseofcross-bordertransport,theycanchoosebetweenaninternationalcourierserviceoracommonserviceprovider,sothepostaloperator.Thismakesitdifficultfornewentrantstogainmarketshareandreducesthecompetitivepressureontheexistingoperators,whichinturnlimitstheincentivestoimprovetheservicequalityandleadstohigherprices.
Currently,onlinestoressellingtheirproductsabroadincuraveryhighcostofshipping-dependingonthecountryitisupto5timeshigherthanthecostofaconsignmentrealizedwithinthecountry.Thelowerpriceoftheproductsolddoesnotoftencompensateforthecostofdelivery,whichdiscouragesbuyersfromabroad.Itisoneofthegreatestbarrierstothedevelopmentofcross-bordertradeconductedviatheInternet.Consumersandsmallenterprisesclaimthattheproblemswiththedelivery,inparticularthehighprices,preventthemfromincreasingthesalesorpurchasesinotherMemberStates.Foreignexchangeine-commercecouldbecompletelydifferentifthesecostsweresignificantlyreduced.
Apartfromthecostofdelivery,anotherbarriertothedevelopmentofcross-bordere-commerceisthedeliverytime.Itresultsmainlyfromthedistancebetweenthevendorandthecustomer.Inmostcases(mainlyoutsidetheborderregions)itwillbemuchgreaterthaninthecaseofdomesticshipments.Ininternationaltrade,shipmentsoftenhavetoundergoadditionaloperations,gothroughagreaternumberofhubsandbranches,whichfurtherprolongsthetimeofdelivery.
OperatingactivitiesofCEPcompaniesarebasedonthehubandspokeconcept.Itisasystemusedforthedistributionofsmallsizeorweightloads.Incontrasttodirectdeliveries,hubsareusedthatconnecttheindividualplaceswhereshipmentsarepostedandreceived.Thehubandspoke(H&
S)conceptminimizesstoragecostsandreducestheindividualcostsoftransportation.Althoughasingleconsignmentistransportedoveralongdistance,thetotaldistanceforallshipmentscountedseparatelyisshorterthaninthecaseofdirectdeliveries.Thissolutionworksverywellforalargenumberofitemsthatarepostedandreceivedinmultiplelocations.Anexampleisdistributionwithinacountrywheremostlargecitiesareconnectedwithoneanotherbymeansofoneormorehubs.Fig.1il