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Thispaperprobesintosomeproblemsconcerninggravitationalattraction(oruniversalgravitation),Coulombforce,nuclearforceandthefrequencyofelectromagneticwavecausedbyobjects’(particles’)relativemotion(regardlessofitsvelocity)andholdsthatwhenobjects(particles)areinrelativemotion,graviton,photons,andallotherkindsofenergycarriersarestillinrelativemotionatgreatvelocity.Theresultsofthisresearchindicate:
relativemotioncanonlygiverisetochangesin“force,frequency,imageandotherphysicalparameters”ratherthanchangesinmass.ThistheorytakesmorefactorsintoconsiderationthanthetheoriesfromI.NewtonandfromTheoryofRelativityofA.Einstein.Tomakeitclearer,thistheorytakesintoconsiderationtherelativemotionofenergycarriersmovingatgreatvelocitybetweenmobiles,andtheenergycarriers’velocitylimit’sinfluenceonthevariationalregularityofmobiles’variousphysicalquantity.Basedonthis,theauthorofthispaperputsforwardtheprincipleofGeneralUniverseTheoryofRelativity.Supportedbyplentyofdatafromexperimentsonrelativemotion,theauthorgeneralizesthebasiclawofnaturesharedbygravitationalattraction,Coulombforce,nuclearforce,frequencyofelectromagneticwaveandimagesthatarecausedbyrelativemotion.Fromthis,aseriesofnewformulashavebeenderived.Atthesametime,somecrucialproblemsonhowtoaccuratelymeasuretheinstantaneousvelocityofelectrons’orbitinginsidetheatomsofvariouselementsandproblemsonorbitradiusaresettledinthispaper.Inaddition,accuratemeasurementisachievedintheinstantaneousvelocityandorbitradiusofelectrons’motioninhydrogenatoms,heliumionsandheliumatoms.Thistheorycansatisfactorilyinterpretalltheresultsofthephysicalexperimentsandastronomicalobservationsthehumanbeingshavedoneinthepast100yearsandtheconclusionssoundreasonableinaccordancewithtraditionalphilosophy.
Keywords:
relativemotion,energycarrier,velocitylimit,force,frequency
1:
Preface
In1905,basedonaberrationphenomenon,(A.L.Fizeau)FizeauExperimentandMichelson-Morleyexperiment,A.Einsteingaveuptheethertheoryandthehypothesisofabsolutelystillframeofreference.Heputforwardtwofundamentalsofspecialtheoryofrelativity:
PrincipleofRelativityandPrincipleofInvariableVelocityofLight.Supportedbythis,A.Einsteindeducedanewspace-timecoordinatestransformer---Lorentztransformer.Afterhefoundedspecialtheoryofrelativity,hebecameawareofthelimitofthetheory,namely,allthetheorywaslimitedwithintheinertiareferencesystem.Inordertoextendhisprinciplesofrelativitytoarbitraryreferencesystems,headvancedthehypothesisofgeneralrelativityand“PrincipleofEqualEffects”in1915,andthuswasfoundedtheGeneralTheoryofRelativity.
TheTheoryofRelativityofEinsteinsolvedalotofproblemsinI.Newton’stheory,butatthesametime,newproblemscametotheforewiththetheory,thegreatestofwhichiswhatiscalled“singularpoint”.Besides,histheorygoesagainstthetraditionalphilosophy.
SomefallaciousinfinityinNewton’stheoryaccountsforitsbeingnolongerapplicableincertainconditions.Theinevitable“singularpoint”ofTheoryofRelativityshowsthatEinstein’stheoryofrelativityalsohasitslimitations.A.Einsteinhimselfheldthesameopinionaboutthe“singularpoint”inhislastyears.Decadespassedbywithoutanyfundamentalbreakthroughalthoughscoresofinsightfulelitesdidalotofworkonit.
Actually,thestartingpointforEinsteintofoundhisTheoryofRelativityisindisputablyright.Allthetheorywasdominatedbysuchanewidea:
thelawofchangesinvariousphysicalquantitybetweenobjectsinrelativestillnessdoesdiffermoreorlessfromthatbetweenobjectsinrelativemotion,andthereshouldbeanewtheoryandanewformulawhichtakesintoconsiderationthefactorsofrelativemotion.
ThoughEinsteintookintoaccountonemorefactorthanNewton---thefactorofrelativemotionbetweenobjects,yet,hestilloverlookedacrucialfactor---whenobjectsaremovingrelatively,energycarriersarealsoinastateofrelativemotionatgreatvelocity.Inotherwords,TheoryofRelativityfailedtosettletheproblemsaboutthelawofchangesinvariousphysicalquantitycausedbytherelativemotionofenergycarriersanditsvelocitylimit.
Asaresult,Einsteindrewsuchaconclusion:
relativemotionwillgiverisetochangesinthemassofanobject.Thereupon,manyproblemsthatarehardtoimagine,hardtovalidate,hardtobelieve,andmanyproblemsthatruncontrarytotraditionalphilosophyprinciplesarefoundinTheoryofRelativity.
Imaginationisundoubtedlyimportant,butitshouldbesubordinatedtoexperiments,anyway.Physicsinessenceisakindofexperimentalscience.Withoutexperiments,physicswillnotbephysicsinthetruesense.Inordertobringforwardasystemictheory,Icollectedawealthofdatafromphysicalexperimentsandsomeastronomicalrecordswhichourprecedingscholarshaveleftforusinthepastaround100years.Suchasthefollowing:
①Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,Hungarianscientistsheadedby罗兰德·
冯·
埃特伏斯spent20yearsexperimentingonfreefallingobjectsandfoundoutthatdifferentsubstanceshavedifferentaccelerationofgravity.[2]②In1975,aBritishphysicistfoundthattheincreaseinvelocityofwhirlingwouldleadtogradualdecreaseinweightofobjectswhenhewasexperimentingwithagyrator[3].③Whenelectrifiedparticlewasacceleratedinaccelerator,thetopvelocityoftheparticlescouldriseupclosetothatoflight,butitsvelocitycouldneverequal,letalonesurpassthatoflightC[4].④OlbersParadox(luminosityparadox)[5].⑤SeeligerParadox(gravitationparadox)[6].⑥Radiationoftheuniversebackground[7].⑦ThephenomenonofperihelionprecessionofMercury[8].⑧Thephenomenonofdeflectionoflightrays[9][10].⑨TheEinsteinshiftphenomenonofheavenlybodies’spectrum[11].⑩ThephenomenonofUFO[12].Becauseoftheexistingproblemsstatedabove,theauthorofthispaperadvancesanewtheoryheretointerpretthemallandexpectsthatthetheorywouldbevalidatedandprovedinfutureexperiments.
2:
ThePrincipleofGeneralUniverseTheoryofRelativity
2.1:
BasicNotion
Intheuniverse,motioniseternal,whilestillnessisrelative.Thevelocitylimitoftheobjects’motiondependsonthevelocitylimitoftheenergycarriers.Thefactthatrelativemotiondoesexistandthefactthatthevelocityofpropagationofenergycarriershasalimitresultinthedifferenceinthelawofchangesinvariousphysicalquantitiesofobjectswhentheyareinrelativestillnessorinrelativemotion.Ifthevelocityofpropagationofenergycarriersisinfinite(C─∞),thenintheuniverse(thenature)therewouldbenodifferenceinthelawofchangesofvariousphysicalquantitiesofobjectsinrelativestillnessorinrelativemotion.Butintermsofthemotionofthemicrocosmicobjectsandmacroobjectsthatcanbeobservedinthenature,first,thereismorethanonekindofenergycarrierinthenature,andthevalueofthevelocitylimitofeachkindofenergycarriersisdifferent.Secondly,thevelocitylimitsofobjects’motiondrivenbydifferentenergycarriersaredifferent,andalltheobjects’motionsharesthesamevelocitylimitasenergycarriers.
Whenobjectsareinastateofmotionrelativetoeachother,energycarriersarealsomovingrelativelybetweenthematgreatvelocity.So,thispaperfocusesonthenewtheoryaboutthelawofchangesofvariousphysicalquantitiesofmobilescausedbytwoormorethantwokindsofcomplicatedrelativemovementsofasinglehappening.
2.2:
Space-timeOutlook
Itisimpossibletomakeanyresearchonthelawofphysicalchangeswithoutdueattentiontotimeandspace,norisitpossibletodescribethelawofacertainphysicalphenomenonwithoutarelativeframeofreference.TheGeneralUniverseTheoryofRelativityholdsthat:
timeisunconditional;
itisalwayslapsinguniformlyregardlessofthehumanbeings’preferenceorindifference.Spaceisalsounconditional;
itsexistencedoesnotdependonthevelocityofrelativemotionofobjects.Spaceandtimehavenodirectrelationbetweenthemselves.Theirrelationisbuiltuponlywhenwemakesomeresearchontheobjects’motion,theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofanincidentoronlywhenobjectsmoveinspace.
2.3:
ThePrincipleofGeneralUniverseTheoryofRelativity
Inboththemacroworldandthemicrocosmicworld,whenobjectsareinastateofrelativestillness,thevariousphysicalquantitiesexistingbetweenthemareinthemaximalvalue(suchasthegravitationalattraction,Coulombforce,nuclearforce,images,frequencyoflightwave).Theincreaseinthevelocityofrelativemotionbetweenobjectswillresultinproportionaldecreaseineachofthephysicalquantities.Whenthevelocityofrelativemotionreachesacertaincriticalvalue,eachofthephysicalquantitieswillfalltozero.Onthecontrary,thedecreaseofthevelocityofrelativemotionbetweenobjectswillgiverisetoproportionalaugmentationofeachphysicalquantitiesandwhenthevelocityofrelativemotionfallsclosetozero,eachofthephysicalquantitieswillriseclosetotheirmaximalvalue.Thus,themathematicalexpressionofthePrincipleofGeneralUniverseTheoryofRelativityshouldbe:
Intheexpression,Gv=0——isintendedtomeanthemaximalvalueofacertainphysicalquantitywhenobjectsareinastateofrelativestillness(suchasthegravitationalattraction,Coulombforce,nuclearforce,images,frequencyoflig