hnd经济学2世界经济学Word文件下载.docx
《hnd经济学2世界经济学Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《hnd经济学2世界经济学Word文件下载.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
6.OnemeasureofEuropeanUnionpromoteseconomicintegration........................................8
7.Balanceofpayments..............................................................................................................9
8.ThegeneraltrendsinUKtradeoverthelast30year..........................................................12
9.Thebalanceofpaymentsaffectedbyexchangerates..........................................................13
10.Advantagesanddisadvantagesoffixedrateandfloatingrate..........................................14
11.Effectsoffixedrateandfloatingrateonindividualsandcompany..................................16
12.Thecharacteristicsofthenewlyindustrializedcountriesandthedevelopingcountries...18
13.Theissuesofthenewlyindustrializedcountriesandthedevelopingcountries................19
14.TheinfluencesMulti-NationalCorporationsbringtonewlyindustrializedcountries......19
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................21
Reference.................................................................................................................................22
Introduction
Thisreporthasintroducedtheworldeconomicssimply.Thecontentincludes:
Internationaltrade,freetrade,Protectionism,theroleofWTOandunder-developed
nation,UKabsoluteandcomparativeadvantage,theprotectionismandtworecent
examplesaboutdemonstrateargumentswhichgovernmentmayputforwardforits
use,twobarriersoftrade,aEUinitiativeabouttheroleoftheEUinpromotingtrade,
thecompositionofthebalanceofpayments,thegeneraltrendsinUKtradeoverthe
last30years,thewaywhichthebalanceofpaymentsaffectedbyexchangerates,an
analysisoftwocurrentissuesthatfaceLDCs,andtheaidofrecentexamplesabout
twoimpactsofmultinationalsonNICsandLDCs.
I.Freetrade
(1).Freetradeisatypeoftradepolicythatallowstraderstoactandtransactwithout
interferencefromgovernment.Thus,thepolicypermitstradingpartnersmutualgains
fromtrade,withgoodsandservicesproducedaccordingtothetheoryofcomparative
advantage.
China-ASEANfreetradeareawasformallyestablishedinJanuary1,2021,coveringa
populationof1900000000.China-ASEANfreetradearea’sGDPamountedto$6and
tradeamountedto$4.5.Itisthelargestfreetradezoneamongdevelopingcountries.
AftertheestablishmentofCAFTA,morethan90%productsarecarriedoutforzero
tariffsonbothsides.AveragetariffsfromChinesetoASEANdecreasefrom9.8%to
0.1%,AveragetariffsfromASEAN’ssixoldmemberstoChinesedecreasefrom
12.8%to0.6%.Tariffs’hugereductionpromotedtherapidgrowthofbilateraltrade.
ChinaandASEANcountries’tradeinvestmentgrows,economicintegrationdeepens,
companiesandpeoplearewidelybenefit,realizinggoalsofmutualbenefitand
win-wincooperationandcommondevelopment.ChinaandASEAN’stotalquantityof
bilateraltradegrowsrapidly.FromJanuarytoOctoberthisyear,thebilateraltrade
volumehasreachedto$295900000000,ayear-on-yeargrowthof25.7%.
(2).Absoluteadvantagesandcomparativeadvantages
Absoluteadvantagesissaidtooccurwhenonecountrycanproduceagoodor
servicetopre-determinedqualitywithlessresourcesormorecheaplythananother
country.
Evenwhenacountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranothercountryintermsof
commoditiestheywishtotradeitwillstillbetotheirmutualadvantagetotrade
providingeachcountryhasthecomparativeadvantages.
UKisamajorimporterofmanufacturinggoodssuchclothes,shoes,toys,electronic
producesetc.astheselabororientedconsumergoodswillcostmoreinUKbefore
1980s.UKhastheWiththedevelopmentofservice,theadvantageoftradeisservice
trade.
Thegoodsthatcourtryimportandexportchangeovertimeasthegoodsinwhichthey
haveacomparativeadvantagechangeovertime.Before1970s,manufacturing
industryisitsabsoluteadvantage.After1970s,serviceindustryismorecompetitive
forinternationaltradesuchascomputersoftware,businessserviceand
pharmaceuticals.Theseindustryareseentobringthepossibilityoflongtermgrowth,
whiletheindustriesbasedonheavycapitalinvestmentorrequiringrelativelycheap
laborwillnotbecompetitivewithdevelopingcountries.
2.Thebenefitsoffreetrade
(1).Goodsandservicesproducedatlowercost.Freetradecanpromotethe
cooperationofdifferentcountriesintheworld.Itcandecreasethecostofproducing
goods.
(2).Greaterrangeofcommoditiesforconsumers,morechoice.Anycountriescannot
produceallproducts,theyallhaveproductswhichareunabletoproduce.Tradeallow
ustobuyallofthem.Greaterrangeofcommoditiesprovidecustomerswithmore
choice.
(3).Increasedworld-wideoutput.Eachcountryproducingaccordingtotheir
respectiveadvantageshashighefficiency.Underthesameresources,ithashighyield.
Therefore,internationaltradeincreasedworld-wideoutput.
3.BarrierstoInternationalTrade
Tradebarriersaregovernment-inducedrestrictionsoninternationaltrade.Thebarriers
cantakemanyforms,includingthefollowingtariffsandnontariffs.
NonTarriffBarriers-exchangecontrols
Inarealworld,thereisandshouldbeacertaindegreeofgovernmentinterventionon
foreignexchange.Importsneedforeigncurrenciestobuygooodsandservicesfrom
abroad.Importersmustapplytothecenytalbankforthecurrencytheyneedto
purchasegoodsinthatcountry,TheCentralbankcanerxertcontroloverthevariety
andvolumeofbothimportsandexportsbycontrollingthequantityofforeign
cuurencyitwillissuetoexportersandimporters.
NonTarriffBarriers-ImportDepoits
Governmentrequiresimporterstolodgeanon-interestbearingdepositinadvance
withitsCentralBankbeforetheycanbuygoodsandservicesfromabroad.Besides,
thedepositisusuallyinanamountequaltoallorpartofthecostofimportedgoods.
Thisistimeconsumingandobviouslyexpensivesinceitreducestheliquidityofthe
importingfirms,whichtendtohindertheirimportingactivities.Before1984,the
Nigerianadvancedimportdepositrangedfrom50%to200%ofthevalueofalistof
importitems.
Giveaexampleabouttariffs,35%tariffsonChinesetyresimposedontheUnited
Stateson11thSeptemberin2021.ItmakeChinesetyresfirmshavetoincreasepriceif
salesinAmerica.
Forexample,tnontariffsinRussiatoUkraineforembargoeswhichsuspensionof
Ukraineimportsofjuiceon29thJulyin2021.ItmakeUkraine’sjuicenotallowsale
inRussia.
4.ThepurposeofraisingbarrierstoInternationalTrade
(1)Thepurposeistoprotectemployment.
FootwearmanufactureersassociationsofItaly,SpainadPortugalarereportedtohave
fieldapplicationstotheEUtocurbfootwearimportsfromChina.Localshoemarkers
inElche,thecapitalofSpain’sonceflourishingfootwearindustry,arguethat“made
inChina〞istakingawaytheirjobsbythatChineseshoeshavebeenboomingin
Spainjustbecauseofgoodqualityandreasonableprices.
(2)Thepurposeistoanti-dumping.InJuly2021,SolarWorldAG,aGerman
giant,ledaconsortiumofaround25EUsolarpanelproducerstofileacomplaintto
theEUCommissiontoinvestigatewhethertherehasbeendistortionofcompetition
byChinesecounterpartsduetodumping.SoonGermanyagainstChinalowprice.
5.TheRoleofWTO
TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)isanorganizationthatintendstosupervise
andliberalizeinternationaltrade.Theorganizationofficiallycommencedon1January
1995undertheMarrakechAgreement,signedby123nationson15April1994,
replacingtheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT),whichcommencedin
1948.Theorganizationdealswithregulationoftradebetweenparticipatingcountries
byprovidingaframeworkfornegotiatingandformalizingtradeagreementsanda
disputeresolutionprocessaimedatenforcingparticipants'
adherencetoWTO
agreements,whicharesignedbyrepresentativesofmembergovernmentsandratified
bytheirparliaments.
TheWTOdisputesettlementmechanismismeasuresofdealingwithtradedisputes
betweenmembers.Itistheeffectivewayforcountriesespeciallythedeveloping
countriestoresolvetheeconomicfrictionandsafeguardtheirlegitimaterightsand
interests.Itisveryunfavorableforthedevelopingcountriestoresolvetradedisputes
especiallytradedisputeswiththedevelopedcountriesthroughbilateralchannels.The
bilateralapproachpursuesstrengthdoctrine.Involvedintradedisputesamong
developingcountries,theWTOdisputesettlementmechanismrulingiscomparatively
fairandreasonable.Aseitherthecomplainantorrespondent,thelegitimateinterests
ofthedevelopingcountrieshavebeeneffectivelyprotected.ItisbecausetheWTO
disputeadjudicationhasverystrongfairness,developingcountriesgenerallyhavea
highenthusiasmtousetheWTOdisputesettlementmechanism.Somelarger
economicscaledevelopingcountriesismoreactiveintheuseofWTOdispute
settlementmechanism.Ithelpstoreducetheeconomicfrictionbetweencountries,and
promotefriendlyrelationsamongnations.
TheUruguayRoundwasthe8throundofmultilateraltradenegotiations(MTN)
conductedwithintheframeworkoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsand
Trade(GATT),spanningfrom1986to1994andembracing123countriesas
"
contractingparties"
.TheRoundledtothecreationoftheWorldTradeOrganization,
withGATTremainingasanintegralpartoftheWTOagreements.Thebroadmandate
oftheRoundhadbeentoextendGATTtraderulestoareaspreviouslyexemptedas
toodifficulttoliberalize(agriculture,textiles)andincreasinglyimportantnewareas
previouslynotincluded(tradeinservices,intellectualproperty,investment
policytradedistortions)
Herearesomeothersareasthe