hnd经济学2世界经济学Word文件下载.docx

1、6.OnemeasureofEuropeanUnionpromoteseconomicintegration.87.Balanceofpayments.98.ThegeneraltrendsinUKtradeoverthelast30year.129.Thebalanceofpaymentsaffectedbyexchangerates.1310.Advantagesanddisadvantagesoffixedrateandfloatingrate.1411.Effectsoffixedrateandfloatingrateonindividualsandcompany.1612.Thech

2、aracteristicsofthenewlyindustrializedcountriesandthedevelopingcountries.1813.Theissuesofthenewlyindustrializedcountriesandthedevelopingcountries.1914.TheinfluencesMulti-NationalCorporationsbringtonewlyindustrializedcountries.19Conclusion.21Reference.22IntroductionThisreporthasintroducedtheworldecono

3、micssimply.Thecontentincludes:Internationaltrade,freetrade,Protectionism,theroleofWTOandunder-developednation,UKabsoluteandcomparativeadvantage,theprotectionismandtworecentexamplesaboutdemonstrateargumentswhichgovernmentmayputforwardforitsuse,twobarriersoftrade,aEUinitiativeabouttheroleoftheEUinprom

4、otingtrade,thecompositionofthebalanceofpayments,thegeneraltrendsinUKtradeoverthelast30years,thewaywhichthebalanceofpaymentsaffectedbyexchangerates,ananalysisoftwocurrentissuesthatfaceLDCs,andtheaidofrecentexamplesabouttwoimpactsofmultinationalsonNICsandLDCs.I.Freetrade（1）.Freetradeisatypeoftradepoli

5、cythatallowstraderstoactandtransactwithoutinterferencefromgovernment.Thus,thepolicypermitstradingpartnersmutualgainsfromtrade,withgoodsandservicesproducedaccordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage.China-ASEANfreetradeareawasformallyestablishedinJanuary1,2021,coveringapopulationof1900000000.China-ASE

6、ANfreetradeareasGDPamountedto$6andtradeamountedto$4.5.Itisthelargestfreetradezoneamongdevelopingcountries.AftertheestablishmentofCAFTA,morethan90%productsarecarriedoutforzerotariffsonbothsides.AveragetariffsfromChinesetoASEANdecreasefrom9.8%to0.1%,AveragetariffsfromASEANssixoldmemberstoChinesedecrea

7、sefrom12.8%to0.6%.Tariffshugereductionpromotedtherapidgrowthofbilateraltrade.ChinaandASEANcountriestradeinvestmentgrows,economicintegrationdeepens,companiesandpeoplearewidelybenefit,realizinggoalsofmutualbenefitandwin-wincooperationandcommondevelopment.ChinaandASEANstotalquantityofbilateraltradegrow

8、srapidly.FromJanuarytoOctoberthisyear,thebilateraltradevolumehasreachedto$295900000000,ayear-on-yeargrowthof25.7%.（2）.AbsoluteadvantagesandcomparativeadvantagesAbsoluteadvantagesissaidtooccurwhenonecountrycanproduceagoodorservicetopre-determinedqualitywithlessresourcesormorecheaplythananothercountry

9、.Evenwhenacountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranothercountryintermsofcommoditiestheywishtotradeitwillstillbetotheirmutualadvantagetotradeprovidingeachcountryhasthecomparativeadvantages.UKisamajorimporterofmanufacturinggoodssuchclothes,shoes,toys,electronicproducesetc.astheselabororientedconsumergoodswi

10、llcostmoreinUKbefore1980s.UKhastheWiththedevelopmentofservice,theadvantageoftradeisservicetrade.Thegoodsthatcourtryimportandexportchangeovertimeasthegoodsinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantagechangeovertime.Before1970s,manufacturingindustryisitsabsoluteadvantage.After1970s,serviceindustryismorecompeti

11、tiveforinternationaltradesuchascomputersoftware,businessserviceandpharmaceuticals.Theseindustryareseentobringthepossibilityoflongtermgrowth,whiletheindustriesbasedonheavycapitalinvestmentorrequiringrelativelycheaplaborwillnotbecompetitivewithdevelopingcountries.2.Thebenefitsoffreetrade（1）.Goodsandse

12、rvicesproducedatlowercost.Freetradecanpromotethecooperationofdifferentcountriesintheworld.Itcandecreasethecostofproducinggoods.（2）.Greaterrangeofcommoditiesforconsumers,morechoice.Anycountriescannotproduceallproducts,theyallhaveproductswhichareunabletoproduce.Tradeallowustobuyallofthem.Greaterrangeo

13、fcommoditiesprovidecustomerswithmorechoice.（3）.Increasedworld-wideoutput.Eachcountryproducingaccordingtotheirrespectiveadvantageshashighefficiency.Underthesameresources,ithashighyield.Therefore,internationaltradeincreasedworld-wideoutput.3.BarrierstoInternationalTradeTradebarriersaregovernment-induc

14、edrestrictionsoninternationaltrade.Thebarrierscantakemanyforms,includingthefollowingtariffsandnontariffs.NonTarriffBarriers-exchangecontrolsInarealworld,thereisandshouldbeacertaindegreeofgovernmentinterventiononforeignexchange.Importsneedforeigncurrenciestobuygooodsandservicesfromabroad.Importersmus

15、tapplytothecenytalbankforthecurrencytheyneedtopurchasegoodsinthatcountry,TheCentralbankcanerxertcontroloverthevarietyandvolumeofbothimportsandexportsbycontrollingthequantityofforeigncuurencyitwillissuetoexportersandimporters.NonTarriffBarriers-ImportDepoitsGovernmentrequiresimporterstolodgeanon-inte

16、restbearingdepositinadvancewithitsCentralBankbeforetheycanbuygoodsandservicesfromabroad.Besides,thedepositisusuallyinanamountequaltoallorpartofthecostofimportedgoods.Thisistimeconsumingandobviouslyexpensivesinceitreducestheliquidityoftheimportingfirms,whichtendtohindertheirimportingactivities.Before

17、1984,theNigerianadvancedimportdepositrangedfrom50%to200%ofthevalueofalistofimportitems.Giveaexampleabouttariffs,35%tariffsonChinesetyresimposedontheUnitedStateson11thSeptemberin2021.ItmakeChinesetyresfirmshavetoincreasepriceifsalesinAmerica.Forexample,tnontariffsinRussiatoUkraineforembargoeswhichsus

18、pensionofUkraineimportsofjuiceon29thJulyin2021.ItmakeUkrainesjuicenotallowsaleinRussia.4.ThepurposeofraisingbarrierstoInternationalTrade（1）Thepurposeistoprotectemployment.FootwearmanufactureersassociationsofItaly,SpainadPortugalarereportedtohavefieldapplicationstotheEUtocurbfootwearimportsfromChina.

19、LocalshoemarkersinElche,thecapitalofSpainsonceflourishingfootwearindustry,arguethat“madeinChinaistakingawaytheirjobsbythatChineseshoeshavebeenboominginSpainjustbecauseofgoodqualityandreasonableprices.（2）Thepurposeistoanti-dumping.InJuly2021,SolarWorldAG,aGermangiant,ledaconsortiumofaround25EUsolarpa

20、nelproducerstofileacomplainttotheEUCommissiontoinvestigatewhethertherehasbeendistortionofcompetitionbyChinesecounterpartsduetodumping.SoonGermanyagainstChinalowprice.5TheRoleofWTOTheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）isanorganizationthatintendstosuperviseandliberalizeinternationaltrade.Theorganizationoffici

21、allycommencedon1January1995undertheMarrakechAgreement,signedby123nationson15April1994,replacingtheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade（GATT）,whichcommencedin1948.Theorganizationdealswithregulationoftradebetweenparticipatingcountriesbyprovidingaframeworkfornegotiatingandformalizingtradeagreementsandadis

22、puteresolutionprocessaimedatenforcingparticipantsadherencetoWTOagreements,whicharesignedbyrepresentativesofmembergovernmentsandratifiedbytheirparliaments.TheWTOdisputesettlementmechanismismeasuresofdealingwithtradedisputesbetweenmembers.Itistheeffectivewayforcountriesespeciallythedevelopingcountries

23、toresolvetheeconomicfrictionandsafeguardtheirlegitimaterightsandinterests.Itisveryunfavorableforthedevelopingcountriestoresolvetradedisputesespeciallytradedisputeswiththedevelopedcountriesthroughbilateralchannels.Thebilateralapproachpursuesstrengthdoctrine.Involvedintradedisputesamongdevelopingcount

24、ries,theWTOdisputesettlementmechanismrulingiscomparativelyfairandreasonable.Aseitherthecomplainantorrespondent,thelegitimateinterestsofthedevelopingcountrieshavebeeneffectivelyprotected.ItisbecausetheWTOdisputeadjudicationhasverystrongfairness,developingcountriesgenerallyhaveahighenthusiasmtousetheW

25、TOdisputesettlementmechanism.SomelargereconomicscaledevelopingcountriesismoreactiveintheuseofWTOdisputesettlementmechanism.Ithelpstoreducetheeconomicfrictionbetweencountries,andpromotefriendlyrelationsamongnations.TheUruguayRoundwasthe8throundofmultilateraltradenegotiations（MTN）conductedwithinthefra

26、meworkoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade（GATT）,spanningfrom1986to1994andembracing123countriesascontractingparties.TheRoundledtothecreationoftheWorldTradeOrganization,withGATTremainingasanintegralpartoftheWTOagreements.ThebroadmandateoftheRoundhadbeentoextendGATTtraderulestoareaspreviouslyexemptedastoodifficulttoliberalize（agriculture,textiles）andincreasinglyimportantnewareaspreviouslynotincluded（tradeinservices,intellectualproperty,investmentpolicytradedistortions）Herearesomeothersareasthe