英语语言学各章要点难点问答Word格式.docx
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Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.
Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.
2.
现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别?
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;
itisbasedon"
high"
(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;
itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"
correct"
ornot.
3.
什么叫共时研究?
什么叫历时研究?
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointinrime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;
itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
4.
人类语言的甄别性特征是什么?
1)Arbitrariness
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2)Productivity
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.
3)Duality
Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4)Displacement
Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5)Culturaltransmission
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.
5.Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么?
AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.
6.
Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的?
Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;
Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;
itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;
whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
ChapterTwo
7.
语言交际的两大媒介是什么?
哪一个是基本的交际媒介?
为什么?
Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform,becausethespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.
8.
语音学的三个分支是什么。
它们研究的对象各是什么?
Articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichtheespeechsoundsareproduced.
Acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds;
itdealswiththesoundwavesthroughtheuseofsuchmachinesasaspectrograph.
Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear.
9.
什么叫浊音化?
它是如何形成的?
Voicingistheresultofthevibrationofthevocalcords.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchawayarevoiceless.Whenvocalcordsareheldtogethertautlysothattheairstreamvibratesthem,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarevoiced.
10.
宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别?
Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingonelettertorepresentonesound.Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacriticstoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
11.
英语的辅音是如何分类的?
1)byplaceofarticulation:
a.
bilabialsuchas[p],[b],[m],[w]
b.
labiodentalsuchas[f],[v]
c.
dentalsuchas[θ],[]
d.
alveolarsuchas[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]
e.
palatalsuchas[∫],[],[t∫],[d],[j]
f.
velarsuchas[k],[g],[]
g.
glottalsuchas[h]
2)bymannerofarticulation.
Stopssuchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
Fricativessuchas[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[],[∫],[],[h]
Afficatessuchas[t∫],[d]
Liquidssuchas[l],[r]
Nasalssuchas[n],[m],[]
Glidessuchas[w],[j]
12.
英语的元音是如何分类的?
1)Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:
][i][e][][a],centralvowelssuchas[:
],[],[]andbackvowelssuchas[u:
][][:
]and[:
]intermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.
2)Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:
closevowelssuchas[i:
],[i],[u:
],[],semi-closevowelssuchas[e],[з:
],semi-openvowelssuchas[],[:
],andopenvowelssuchas[æ
],[a],[Λ]and[ɑ:
].
3)Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.
4)TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.Thelongvowelsinclude[i:
][:
][:
][u:
][ɑ:
],whiletherestareshortvowels.
13.
语音学和音系学有什么区别?
Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;
itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:
howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;
itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
14.
音素、音位和音位变体有什么区别?
Phonesarethespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.;
somedo,somedon’t.Aphonemeisabasicunitinphonology;
itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotasound,butacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Inactualspeech,aphonemeisrealizedphoneticallyasacertainphone.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
15.
什么是超音位特征?
它是如何影响语义的?
1)
ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandim`port.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompundnounaaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:
`b