室内人机工程学Indoor ergonomics.docx

室内人机工程学Indoor ergonomics.docx

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室内人机工程学Indoorergonomics

室内人机工程学10（Indoorergonomics10）

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（2）可防止座椅滑动和翻到.椅脚应设计5个,平分在直径为40°45cm的圆周上.（3）给人留有足够的活动空间.需要经常站起的座椅应采用小脚轮.（4）应保证腿的活动空间,以减轻腿的疲劳.（5）坐面应为40—45cm宽,38～42cm长,坐面中部稍微下凹,前缘呈弧曲面,坐面后倾4°～6°.（6）坐面的材料应透气而且不打滑（例如毛料）;以增加坐面的舒服感.多用途椅子:

Grandjean等要求50名男,女被试对象进行试验的12种不同设计的多用途椅子对身体上的11个部分的舒适进行评价.此外,每个被试者还对每两只椅子进行成对比较,求出其总的舒适评分.其中两只最受人喜欢的椅子,并附有根据全部Dataanalysisanddesignrecommendationsandsuggestionsarealsoincludedinthelayingoffoamrubber2~4cmthickintheseat.Therestandreadingchair:

designfeaturesasrestingandreadingchairandchairofcourseactivitiesareobviouslydifferentby.Grandjeanetal,astudyhadbeenconducted.Inthisstudytheytheuseofa"sittingmachine",soastodrawthesubjectsforavarietyofseatdesigncomfortablejudgment.Featuresofthe"sittingmachine"istoregulateanyshapeinfact.Theyarenotallresults,hasbeenfoundtoreadandrest,asshownintable4-3angleandsizecantheloveformanysubjects.Theshapeofachairmustbepointedoutthatthedifferentangleofbackrestandseatisforthebackofthelowerspine（waist）togivespecialsupport.

4.2.2anatomyandphysiologyofsitting

Intheprevioussectionthegeneralprincipleoftheseatdesignismainlybuiltonthebasisofthejudgmentincomfort,buttherealityisinalmosthalfofthepopulationintheindustrializedworldwesuffersomewaybackpain.Everyyearforsickleavepaymedicalexpensesandspendalotofmoneyforthepast20years.Theoffice,factoryandotheraspectsofthechairtodoalotofwork,thetypistchairseemstobethemodelofthiskindofchair.Itscharacteristicistoadjustitsheightandthebackrest,andthelightcanmovetheseattiltedbackwardslopeofabout5degrees,thetypingandprovidesasuitablerestingposition.However,mostoftheworkistheformationofbentposition（Figure4-19）,suchasreading,writing,drawing,assemblyanddofitter,andeyesshouldbeabout30cmawayfromtheobject,thebackwardtiltofthechairBendforwardisverydifficult.Thisproblemverylittleattention.Strangetosayinthepastseveraldecadesintheschoolstressedintheso-calledverticalposture,namelythehip,kneeandankletokeeptherightangle,whichisconsideredtobethecorrectposture.Allthebodymeasurementsandthesizeofallthefurniturearoundthisparticulardevelopmentpostureout.ISOisapupiltosituprightposturetoshowforthenewdraftbythesizeofthefurnitureeducation,

Butnoneofthenormalpupilscanusethispositiontositonthe1to2minutesormore,andwhentheirLosislevel,itisdifficultforthemtodoanywork.Whenthechildrentoread,writeordothearithmetic,theyturnbackuponthetable,inordertomaketheireyeskeepagooddistanceof20~30cmandthebook,insteadofsittingat50~60cra.childrensittingpostureisvarious,thereisno"straight"thisone.Butwecanfindthatwhenthechildrenfellinthetable,oftenwillsupporthischairinthefrontfigure4-23.andtiltedforward,wealsocanhavethisexperience,whenthejobistired,occasionallytiltchair（branchonthefront）canbecomfortable,wecangetsomeinspirationfromthe1.lumbarcurve.Inordertounderstandthesittingposture.Intheproblem,wemuststudythechangewhenapersonfromastandingpositionforsittingposture,anatomicalchangesoccurredon.Whenapersonfromastandingposturechangesittinguprightposture,asshowninFigure4-20,mostpeopleimaginerotating90degreesforhipjoint,butthetheactionismorecomplex,becauseofthebendingprocess

只有60°是来自于臀部关节的,而另外的30°是来自于腰椎曲线的变平.我们从图4—20中可以清楚地看到,当坐在一只普通的椅子上时,他的躯干和大腿成直角,腰椎曲线显著地变平了.这种腰部和臀部关节的改变可以从图4—2l中看得很清楚.图4—21（b）为我们侧睡时所采取的放松的姿势.臀部关节弯曲了45°（如果笔直的姿势是180°的话,则为135°）.这是臀部关节休息的姿势,此时大腿前部和背部的肌肉都是处于放松平衡的状态.这时背部有一个向后凸出的曲线.如果大腿的臀部关节向上弯曲时（如图4—21（d）和（e）所示）,大腿背面的肌肉（旁腱和臀肌）张紧了.这些肌附着在臀Onthebackandsciatic,wherebythepelvisaroundalongitudinalaxisofarotating.Sothelumbarcurveischangedtofigure4-2L（d）slightlyconcaveshapetofigure4-21（E）issignificantlymoreconcave,thefrontofthethighmusclesifveryrelaxed.LegatthehipjointsbendbackinFigure4-21（b）,infrontofthethighmusclestensioncausedbylumbarcurve.Standstraightaftertheconcavityofpelvicrotationincreasedtherootoflumbarcurve.4-21（Fig.）equivalenttothestandingposture,andwhentositrightthepostureofFigure4-2L（d）,thefirstbendinghipjointsof60degrees,thenthelumbarcurvebecomesflat30degrees.Schoberthhadonchildren'sworkposturemadecarefulinvestigation,ingeneralrelaxedsittingposture,hefoundnoonein1035chil