第七节 虚拟语气Word格式.docx
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表示对过去没有发生过的情况的假设:
Ifhehadstudiedharder,hewouldhavepassedtheEnglishtest.
Ifshehadcomeearlieryesterday,shewouldhaveseenherson.
大部分学生对上述一般虚拟条件句型比较熟悉,而本单元强调的
是下述难点,学生应仔细理解,认真记住每一项的一两个例句。
Ifhewereto(should)beelectednextyear,hewouldhavetoshow
thatheisloyaltothepeopleofhiscountry.
Iftheydidnotleaveatonce,theywouldn’tbeabletocatchthetrain.
Ifthepolicemanhadarrivedearlier,hewouldhaveseenthe
accident.
二、含蓄条件句
有时,假设的情况不是用条件句来表示,而是用without,
intheabsenceof,butfor等引导的介词短语或butthat,but,or(else),otherwise等并列连词引导的并列句或在上下文或对话的情景中隐含着某种假设的情况。
这时,应根据情况判断
虚拟语气是现在时、过去时还是将来时,进而决定采用哪种对应的
虚拟语气形式。
例如:
1.Iwasinahurrythatday;
otherwiseIwouldhavestoppedto
talktoyou.(=IfIhadnotbeeninahurrythatday,Iwouldhave...)
2.Youcouldhaveavoidedmakingsuchamistake,butyoudidn’t
takeheradvice.(=Ifyouhadtakenheradvice,youcouldhave...)
3.Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.(=Ifwehadbeenmorecareful,suchmistakes...)
4.Itwouldbewrongnottotakethisintoconsideration.
(Ifwedidnottakethisintoconsideration,itwouldbewrong.)
5.“IwashopingtoaskJohntoteachmetoplaytheguitar
beforeheleft.”“I'
msurehe’dhavebeengladtoteachyou.”
(=Ifhehadnotleft,he'
dhavebeengladto...)
6.Butforhishelp/Withouthim,Ishouldhavefailed.
7.Butthatwehadanaccident,wemighthavecomeearlier.
8.Awiserfatherwouldneverneglecttheeducationofhischildren.
9.Intheabsenceofwaterandair,mancouldnotlivelong.
10.Butforhisselflesshelp,wewouldhavebeencapturedaliveyesterday.
试做下列选择题
1._____thetruth,hewouldn’thavelentheranymoney.
A.JackhasknownB.DidJackknew
C.ShouldJackknowD.HadJackknown
2.Givenmoretimeandmoney,he____itbetterthanwhatitis.
A.didB.haddone
C.couldhavedoneD.woulddo
3.Thiskindofworkishardanddangerous.But___you
wouldbecomerich.
A.wouldyousucceedB.couldyousucceed
C.mightyousucceedD.shouldyousucceed
4.Anymaninhisposition__likethat.
A.havedone B.wouldhavedone
C.wouldbedoneD.wouldbedoing
5.He____youmorehelp,buthehasbeensobusy.
A.cangiveB.wouldhavegiven
C.couldnotgiveD.oughttogive6.IwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastnightifI_____
tostayathome.
A.wasnotaskedB.hadnotbeenasked
C.shouldnotbeasked
D.werenotasked
正确答案:
1.D2.C3.D4.B5.B6.B
三、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气
在“简要说明”中所讲的一般虚拟条件句,主句和条件状语从句
所表示的动作或状态都是发生在同一时间。
但有时,条件状语
从句和主句所表示的动作或状态发生在不同时间,这时,从句
和主句要根据各自所发生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形式。
1.
条件从句表过去,主句表现在
Iftheyhadleftyesterday,theywouldn’tbewalkinginthe
rainnow.
IfIhadnotcaughtyouundertheladderwhenyoufelloffityesterday,youwouldnotbelaughingnow.
2.
条件从句表过去,主句表将来
Ifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations,weshouldn’tdare
tostartnextweek.
IfIhadnotvisitedthatcountrylastyear,Iwouldnotbe
abletogiveyouaspeechaboutthatcountrytomorrow.
3.
条件从句表将来,主句表过去
IfIwerenottotaketheexaminationtomorrow,Iwouldhavegonetothetheatrewithyoulastnight.
ShouldInotflytheU.S.A.toattendthemeeting
tomorrow,Iwouldhaveaccompaniedmymotherto
hospitalthedaybeforeyesterday.
4.
条件从句表将来,主句表现在
Ifweweren’ttohaveameetingthisafternoon,Iwouldgototheconcertnow.
Shouldwenothavetoomuchworktodothisafternoon,
wewouldhelpyouwiththehouseworknow.
试做下列选择题:
Ifhehadn’tgonethroughgoodtraining,he____the
machinenow.
A.
wouldnothaveoperated
B.couldoperate
C.couldnotoperated
D.couldnotoperate
2.IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoor
peoplein1955,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsof
thiscountry____soserious.
A.wouldn'
tbeB.willnothavebeen
C.wouldn'
thavebeenD.wouldhavenotbeen
3.Ifhistelevisionsethadnotbeenstolenyesterday,he____itnow.
A.wouldwatchB.wouldbewatching
C.wouldhavewatchedD.wouldhavebeenwatching
4.Theywouldstillbemissingatseaifapassingship____them.
A.didnotspotB.wasnotspotting
C.hadnotspottedD.wouldnotspot
(正确答案:
1.D2.A3.B4.C)
四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用
Ⅰ、动词wish的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.用wish表示现在的祝愿和抱歉或遗憾,宾语从句的谓语
be用were(was),实义动词用过去式。
Iwishhewereherenow.
IwishIrememberedhisname.
2.用wish表示对将来事情的愿望,宾语从句的谓语是:
would/could/
might+动词原形。
Shewishesshewouldalwaysremainyoung.
IwishIcouldhelpyoutomorrow.
3.用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾,宾语从句的谓语用过去
完成式(had+过去分词)或could+现在完成式(could+have+
过去分词)。
IwishIcouldhavegonetothemovieswithyoulastnight.
IwishyouhadnothurtJimsomuch.Heisstillverydepressed.
注:
wish后除了可跟上述的宾语从句外,还可跟不定式作宾语,
或跟“sb.+不定式/形容词/名词”复合结构,表示一般的希望
或祝愿,没有“虚拟”的意思。
Iwishonceagaintoexpressourwarmestwelcometoyou.
(不定式作宾语)Whydon’tyouwishhimtoacceptthepost?
(不定式复合结构)
Iwishyouwellandhappy.(形容词复合结构)
Theywishedhimaquickrecovery.(双宾语)
试做下列选择题:
1.IwishI____thebookreportyesterday.
A.hadfinishedtowrite
B.couldhavefinishedwriting
C.couldhavefinishedtowrite
D.mightfinishedwriting
2.Iwishthattheweather____notsowarm.
A.beB.is
C.wereD.wasbeing
3.Marywishedthatshe____lawinsteadofhistorywhens
hewasincollege.
A.studied/couldstudy
B.hasstudied/canhavestudied
C.hadstudied/couldhavestudied
D.studied/canstudy
4.Kumarcantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogether
again.Icertainlywishhe____menow.
A.teachesB.willteach
C.hastaughtD.wouldteach
(上述各题正确的答案是:
1.B2.C3.C4.D)
Ⅱ、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面,其宾语从句
的谓语用“should+原形动词”表示虚拟语气。
在书面语中,
should往往省去。
在TOEFL考试中要求不用should。
常用的此类动词有:
表示“要求”的:
ask,desire,request,demand,require,beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的:
move,propose,suggest,
recommend,advise,vote
表示“决定、命令”的:
decide,order
表示“主张”的:
maintain,urge
表示“同意、坚持”的:
consent,insist
1.Weinsistedthathe(should)bepresentattheceremony.
2.Thedirectorrecommendedthatshe(should)studymore
Englishbeforegoingabroad.
试做下列各题:
1.Thdoctorsuggestedthathe____there.
A.notgoB.won'
tgo
C.nottogoD.nogoing
2.Thedirectorproposedthatwages____.
A.wouldberaisedB.beraised
C.hadbeenraisedD.wouldhavebeenraised
3.Theyfirmlyaskthatmedicalteams____tothe
earthquake-strickendistrictsrightaway.
A.wouldbesentB.besent
C.willbesentD.weresent
4.Itismovedthattheexperiment____doneasplanned.
A.wereB.wouldbe
C.shouldbeD.hadbeen
1.A.2.B3.B4.C)
demand,desire,requirement,advice,order,decision,
recommendation,suggestion,proposal,request以及
necessity,preference,plan,motion,idea等名词,其后的表语
从句或同位语从句,也用“should+原形动词”表虚拟语气,
现代英语,特别是美国英语,常省去should。
1.Myideaisthatwe(should)setupaspecialboardtodealwiththematter.(在表语从句中)
2.Emphasisislaidonthenecessitythatalltheobjectionsbetakenintoaccountbeforestartinganewproject.(在同位语从句中)
Theymadeitasuggestionthatthenewparkinglot(should)bebuiltnearthepark.
试做下题:
1.Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatthedam____at
thefootofthemountain?
A.bebuiltB.build
C.isbuiltD.wasbuilt
2.Thedecisionwasthatwe____everythingready.
A.hadgotB.shouldget
C.wouldgetD.wouldhavegot
3.TheyputforwardtheproposallastweekthatComrade
Wang____chosenasChairmanofthecommittee.
A.wouldbeB.were
C.hadbeenD.shouldbe
1.A2.B3.D)
Ⅲ、在“Itis(was)+某些形容词(或过去分词)+that...
(主语从句)”结构中,主语从句的谓语也用“should+原形动词”
表虚拟语气。
(美国英语中省去should)。
常用的形容词和
过去分词有:
表“要求”的:
required,demanded,requested,desired,desirable
表“建议”的:
suggested,recommended,advisable
表“迫切、紧迫、重要”的有:
imperative,urgent,necessary,
essential,important,vital,ofimportance
表“适当、较好”的:
appropriate,preferable,good,better,best
表“可能”的:
probable,possible
表“命令”的:
ordered
表“意外”或“判断”的:
strange,natural
1.Itisurgentthatthepolicebenotifiedaboutthosestrangephonecalls.
Itwasdemandedthatthematterbereferredtoaspecial
committee.
试做下列各题
1.Itisessentialthathe____thedentistatonce.
A.seesB.see
C.willseeD.istosee
Itisrequiredthatallmembers____present.
A.canbeB.willbe
C.beD.wouldbe
3.Itisimperativethateachofthestudents_____
apencilreadyfortheexamination.
A.willgetB.wouldget
C.gotD.shouldget
(答案:
1.B2.C3.D)
五、在asif/asthough引导的状语从句中的应用
asif/asthough像if从句一样,也可以引起表示真实的情况,
此时用陈述语气。
Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.
但也可以引起与事实相反的方式状语从句,用虚拟语气。
例如:
Heactsasifheweredrunk.
由asif/asthough引起的与事实相反的句子,不论主句的谓语是
现在时或过去时,其谓语表示的时间概念和句子结构,都大体
与wish后的宾语从句相同。
1.Sammylooksasthoughhenevergotasquaremeal,butinfacthisparentsfeedhimverywell.(用过去式表与现在事实相反)
2.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughhehadbeenawayforages.(用过去完成式表与过去相反的事实)
Theoldwomanheldhimasifshewouldneverlethimgoagain.
(用would+原形动词表将来不大可能发生的事)
1.