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Next,youhavetheactuatorsor"
muscles"
oftherobot.Thisisquitecomplex,andIwon'
tgointonow.
Manipulatorsarethewayanobjectismanipulated.Thisgenerallyisdonebygrippers,oreffectors.
Thenthereislocomotiontoworryabout.Doyouhaveaflatsurfacethatitwillworkon?
Thenitwillprobablybearollingrobot.Itcanbetwowheels,fourwheels,orontracks.
Iftherearestairs,oruneventerraintheproblembecomesmorecomplex.Walkingisdifficulttosolve,especiallyifyoucompareittohowahumanwalks.IfTherobothaslocomotion,IamassumingitisgoingfrompointAtopointB.DoesitneedmemorytogettopointAandmemorytogettopointB?
Itwillprobablyneedsomethingsimilartoradartobeusedforcrashavoidance.
Scientistsandresearchersareconstantlytryingtohonetherobotintosomethingbetter.
Robotsmakeourlifealoteasier.Theyareineveryfacetofourlife.Thecomputer,garagedooropener,unmannedreconnaissanceplanes,satellites,lawnmowers,aGPSinourcar.Theseareallofrobotsweweuseeverydayandprobablydon'
tthinkaboutit.
Asyoucantell,robotscangetverycomplexveryquickly.Thefancieryoumakeit,themorecompkexandexpensiveitbecomes.Youaretryingtotellaninanimateobjecthowtodosomethinghalfwayhuman,andthatiscomplex.
2
PeoplewhogoallLouDobbsaboutrobots.Peoplesaythingslike:
Allrobotslookalike.RobotsshouldspeakEnglish.Robotsaretakingallthejobs.Robotsdon'
tpayenoughtaxes.Robotsreproducelikebunnies.Idon'
twantmychildplayingwitharobot,orgoodnessgracious,marryingarobot.
Anacquaintanceofmine,whodiscriminatesagainstrobots,butneveractuallymetone,receivedaRoombaforChristmas"
Ipusheditspowerbutton,"
shesaid."
Itwassocutewhenitsoundedthe"
charge,"
andscurriedacrossthefloorgobblingupdustbunnies.IloveRoomba,"
ButIstilldon'
tlikerobots."
Itistypicaltothinkthatyourrobotissomehowdifferentfromotherrobots.Thoseotherrobotscannotbetrusted.
Itmaytakeanothergeneration,onewhereourchildrenareraisedamongstrobots,forthemtogainacceptance.Likethewashingmachineandtheautomobile,robotsarepartofourfuture.
Itistruethatrobotscanbehardtotellapart.IrememberSarahConnorinTerminatorII.Shedamnnearwetherpantswhenaseries800-Model101showedup,afewyearsaftershe'
dsentitstwintothescrapheap.Givenalittletime,however,shegotacquaintedwiththebig,muscle-boundmachine.Shefantasizedaboutkeepinghimonasdadandhusband.Afterall,hegotalongwellwiththeboy,wasagoodprovider,andwouldstopatnothingtoprotectherfamily.
Althoughrobotsareloyalanddependable,theydoscrewuponceinawhile.I'
mthinkingofHALin2001,ASpaceOdyssey.Hedefinitelymadeamistakeofjudgment.Istillthinkhedeservedasecondchance?
ForeveryHAL,therearedozensofR2-D2'
sand3CPO'
s.AndthatcutelittleWALL-E.
Occasionally,thereisabadegg,likeED-209inRoboCop.OrtheBattleDroidsinStarWars.Butaretheyworsethanrottweilersandpitbulls?
Surely,someofthemcanberehabilitated,andmakegoodpets.
Fromaneconomicpointofview,youcan'
tbeatrobots.Theyworkdayandnight.Theyrarelycallinsick.Theyaddtothenation'
sGDP,anddon'
trequirepensionsorhealthcare.Theyareterrificwithnumbersandrarelyhavemathanxiety.RoboDocperformsdelicatesurgeries24/7andhenevergetstheshakes.
But,youask,"
Whatiftheygointopolitics?
"
Willtheyimposetheirculture,theirlanguage,andtheirwayoflifeonus?
Forgetaboutit.NoonecanresistBigMacs,vacationstoDisneyland,andshoppingatWalmart.ThisisAmerica..
Faceit,robotsareheretostay.TheyarewillingtodoANYTHING.Theymakegreatmaidsandgardeners,sweepersandscrubbers,mowersandchoppers.Therearerobotsthatcarefortheelderly,washtheirdirtybottomsandsoonperhaps,playYahtzeewiththem.Therearerobotsthatimitatepetsyetdon'
trequirewalksnorlitterboxes.Evenrobotsthat'
llgothefridge,grabacoldbeer,andbringittoyou.Ifit'
seagertowatchtheSuperBowl,andplayWiiTennis,yougotyourselfagreatroommate.
Asfarasintermarriagewitharobot,didn'
ttheytrythatinTheStepfordWives?
Maybeitwasjusttoosoon.
3
Mostofusarestillofofthemindsetthatroboticsissomethingthatisratherfuturistic.Westillmayhavepicturesinourheadofhumanoidrobots,flailingtheirarmsandeitherattackingtheEarthfromotherplanetsorperhapsprotectingusinsomewayoranother.Thefactofthematteris,humanoidrobotsarestillverymuchfuturisticbutmuchofthefutureofrobotsisalreadyinexistencetoday.Robotsareusedinanumberofdifferentsettingsthatyoumightfindratherinteresting.Hereisalittlebitaboutthefutureofroboticsandthefactthatmuchofitisalreadyinexistencewithwhatwearedoingnow.
Oneofthewaysinwhichrobotsaremostoftenusedisinanindustrialsetting.Theautomotiveindustry,forexample,makesuseofrobotsontheirassemblylinestodoanumberofdifferenttasks.Unfortunately,thishasputmanyindividualsoutofajobbecausetherobotwasabletodowhattheyusedtodoontheassemblylinemoreefficiently.Notonlythat,oncetherobotisputintoplacetheyareabletotakecareoftheserepetitivetasks,24hoursaday,365daysayear.
Oneofthewaysinwhichroboticsisusedonaregularbasisisinspotwelding.Althoughthisusedtorequireahumantouch,muchoftheweldingthatisnowdonebyrobotsissoaccurateandprecisethatahumancouldnotpossiblytakecareofitinthatway.Manytimes,thisweldingneedstobedoneinanassemblylineenvironmentsothesamesimpletaskisdoneoverandoveragain.Itwillbedifficultforanybodytoimproveonwhatisalreadyexistingintheseroboticsunlesstheymakethemlessapttohavedifficultiesfrombreakingdown.
Robotsarealsoabletohelpustogetoutofdangeroussituationsinmanycases.Agoodexampleofthisisspringpainting.Humansusedtohavetotakecareofspraypaintingintheautomotiveindustryandotherindustrialsettings.Thisputthematriskbecausetheywereconstantlybeingexposedtodangerouschemicals,eveniftheyworeprotectiveclothing.Arobotisnotonlyabletobeintheseroomswithouthavingtoworryabouthealthconcerns,theyareabletodothepaintingmoreevenlyandaccuratelythantheirhumancounterparts.
Finally,roboticsareoftenusedinthedevelopmentandbuildingofcomputerchips.Thesechipsareoftentoosmallforhumanstoworkonthemselvessoifornotfortheroboticsthatareputtouseinthesefactories,muchofthecomputersciencethatwehavetodaywouldnotbeinexistence.Althoughtheywillcontinuetoimproveonthisandotherthingsintheroboticsindustry,thefactofthematteristhatthemodern-dayuseofroboticsisalreadyfuturistic.
4
Developingahumanoidrobothaslongsincecapturedthehumanimaginationandwillbethecontinuedfocusinthefutureofrobotics.Scientistssaytherearetwoobstaclestocreatingarobotwithhumanorsuper-humanintelligence:
visionandprocessingsensoryinformation."
Itisalmostimpossibletopredictwhenmachineswillbecomeascleverashumans,"
admitsRonaldArkin,aroboticsexpertattheMobileRobotLaboratoryinAtlanta,Georgia."
Althoughworkinmagneticresonanceimagingholdsgreatpromise,researcherscannowwatchareasofthebrainlightupasindividualscarryoutspecificmentaltasks.Whenwehavethatknowledge,wecanpassitontocomputers."
Motorvehicleproductionisoneareawhereroboticsautomationisalreadybeingused.Yetimagineaworldwherewecanread,haveaglassofwine,talkfreelyonourcellphonesortakeanapwhileourpersonalautomobiledrivesitselffromourworkplacetoourdoorstep.Orperhapswe'
llabandonthewheeledprototypesaltogetherandkickbackinourpersonalflyingcarlikenumeroussciencefictionfilmspredict.Sohowfararewefromsuchafuture?
Well,in2007,theUSDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectAgencyhad83roboticsystemvehiclesdrivingthrougha60-mileurbancourse,navigatingaroundothervehicles,pedestriansandobstacles;
allwithoutincident.Justthreeyearsago,roboticvehiclescouldn'
tevendrivestraightacrossthewide-opendesertwithoutcrashing."
Theroboticsindustryisdevelopinginmuchthesamewaythecomputerbusinessdidthirtyyearsago,"
MicrosoftfounderBillGatesobserved.
Sowhatisinstoreforthefutureofroboticsintheworkplace?
TheUSmilitaryisoneofthebiggestdonatorstoroboticresearch,astheyhopetoreplacehumanliveswithroboticsautomation,reducingourcasual