To Autumn诗歌点评Word格式文档下载.docx

To Autumn诗歌点评Word格式文档下载.docx

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afterawalknearWinchesteroneautumnalevening.Theworkmarkstheendofhispoeticcareer,asheneededtoearnmoneyandcouldnolongerdevotehimselftothelifestyleofapoet.Alittleoverayearfollowingthepublicationof"

KeatsdiedinRome.

Thepoemhasthreeeleven-linestanzaswhichdescribeaprogressionthroughtheseason,fromthelatematurationofthecropstotheharvestandtothelastdaysofautumnwhenwinterisnearing.TheimageryisrichlyachievedthroughthepersonificationofAutumn,andthedescriptionofitsbounty,itssightsandsounds.IthasparallelsintheworkofEnglishlandscapeartists,[1]withKeatshimselfdescribingthefieldsofstubblethathesawonhiswalkasbeinglikethatinapainting.[2]

Theworkhasbeeninterpretedasameditationondeath;

asanallegoryofartisticcreation;

asKeats'

sresponsetothePeterlooMassacre,whichtookplaceinthesameyear;

andasanexpressionofnationalistsentiment.OneofthemostanthologisedEnglishlyricpoems,"

hasbeenregardedbycriticsasoneofthemostperfectshortpoemsintheEnglishlanguage.

describes,initsthreestanzas,threedifferentaspectsoftheseason:

itsfruitfulness,itslabouranditsultimatedecline.Throughthestanzasthereisaprogressionfromearlyautumntomidautumnandthentotheheraldingofwinter.Paralleltothis,thepoemdepictsthedayturningfrommorningtoafternoonandintodusk.Theseprogressionsarejoinedwithashiftfromthetactilesensetothatofsightandthenofsound,creatingathree-partsymmetrywhichisnotpresentinKeats'

sotherodes.[10]

Asthepoemprogresses,Autumnisrepresentedmetaphoricallyasonewhoconspires,whoripensfruit,whoharvests,whomakesmusic.ThefirststanzaofthepoemrepresentsAutumnasinvolvedwiththepromotionofnaturalprocesses,growthandultimatematuration,twoforcesinoppositioninnature,buttogethercreatingtheimpressionthattheseasonwillnotend.[11]Inthisstanzathefruitsarestillripeningandthebudsstillopeninginthewarmweather.StuartSperrysaysthatKeatsemphasisesthetactilesensehere,suggestedbytheimageryofgrowthandgentlemotion:

swelling,bendingandplumping.[10]

InthesecondstanzaAutumnispersonifiedasaharvester,[12]tobeseenbytheviewerinvariousguisesperforminglabouringtasksessentialtotheprovisionoffoodforthecomingyear.Thereisalackofdefinitiveaction,allmotionbeinggentle.Autumnisnotdepictedasactuallyharvestingbutasseated,restingorwatching.[11]Inlines14–15thepersonificationofAutumnisasanexhaustedlabourer.Neartheendofthestanza,thesteadinessofthegleanerinlines19–20againemphasisesamotionlessnesswithinthepoem.[13]Theprogressionthroughthedayisrevealedinactionsthatareallsuggestiveofthedrowsinessofafternoon:

theharvestedgrainisbeingwinnowed,theharvesterisasleeporreturninghome,thelastdropsissuefromtheciderpress.[10]

ThelaststanzacontrastsAutumn'

ssoundswiththoseofSpring.ThesoundsthatarepresentedarenotonlythoseofAutumnbutessentiallythegentlesoundsoftheevening.Gnatswailandlambsbleatinthedusk.Asnightapproacheswithinthefinalmomentsofthesong,deathisslowlyapproachingalongsidetheendoftheyear.Thefull-grownlambs,likethegrapes,gourdsandhazelnutswillbeharvestedforthewinter.Thetwitteringswallowsgatherfordeparture,leavingthefieldsbare.Thewhistlingred-breastandthechirpingcricketarethecommonsoundsofwinter.ThereferencestoSpring,thegrowinglambsandthemigratingswallowsremindthereaderthattheseasonsareacycle,wideningthescopeofthisstanzafromasingleseasontolifeingeneral.[14]

OfallofKeats'

spoems,"

withitscatalogofconcreteimages,[15]mostcloselydescribesaparadiseasrealizedonearthwhilealsofocusingonarchetypalsymbolsconnectedwiththeseason.Withinthepoem,autumnrepresentsgrowth,maturation,andfinallyanapproachingdeath.Thereisafulfillingunionbetweentheidealandthereal.[16]

Scholarshavenotedanumberofliteraryinfluenceson"

fromVirgil'

sGeorgics,[17]toEdmundSpenser'

MutabilityCantos"

[18]tothelanguageofThomasChatterton,[19]toSamuelTaylorColeridge'

FrostatMidnight"

[20]toanessayonautumnbyLeighHunt,whichKeatshadrecentlyread.[21]

isthematicallyconnectedtootherodesthatKeatswrotein1819.Forexample,inhis"

OdetoMelancholy"

amajorthemeistheacceptanceoftheprocessoflife.Whenthisthemeappearslaterin"

[22]however,itiswithadifference.Thistimethefigureofthepoetdisappears,andthereisnoexhortationofanimaginaryreader.Therearenoopenconflicts,and"

dramaticdebate,protest,andqualificationareabsent"

.[23]Inprocessthereisaharmonybetweenthefinalityofdeathandhintsofrenewaloflifeinthecycleoftheseasons,paralleledbytherenewalofasingleday.[24]

Criticshavetendedtoemphasizedifferentaspectsoftheprocess.Somehavefocusedonrenewal;

WalterJacksonBatepointstothethemeofeachstanzaincluding"

itscontrary"

idea,heredeathimplying,thoughonlyindirectly,therenewaloflife.[24]Also,notedbybothBateandJenniferWagner,thestructureoftheversereinforcesthesenseofsomethingtocome;

theplacingofthecoupletbeforetheendofeachstanzacreatesafeelingofsuspension,highlightingthethemeofcontinuation.[13]

Others,likeHaroldBloom,haveemphasizedthe"

exhaustedlandscape"

thecompletion,thefinalityofdeath,although"

Winterdescendshereasamanmighthopetodie,withanaturalsweetness"

.Ifdeathinitselfisfinal,hereitcomeswithalightness,asoftness,alsopointingto"

anacceptanceofprocessbeyondthepossibilityofgrief."

[25]Theprogressofgrowthisnolongernecessary;

maturationiscomplete,andlifeanddeathareinharmony.Therichdescriptionofthecycleoftheseasonsenablesthereadertofeelabelonging"

tosomethinglargerthantheself"

asJamesO'

Rourkeexpressesit,butthecyclecomestoanendeachyear,analogoustotheendingofsinglelife.O'

Rourkesuggeststhatsomethingofafearofthatendingissubtlyimpliedattheendofthepoem,[26]although,unliketheothergreatodes,inthispoemthepersonofthepoetisentirelysubmerged,[23]sothereisatmostafainthintofKeats'

sownpossiblefear.

AccordingtoHelenVendler,"

maybeseenasanallegoryofartisticcreation.Asthefarmerprocessesthefruitsofthesoilintowhatsustainsthehumanbody,sotheartistprocessestheexperienceoflifeintoasymbolicstructurethatmaysustainthehumanspirit.Thisprocessinvolvesanelementofself-sacrificebytheartist,analogoustothelivinggrain'

sbeingsacrificedforhumanconsumption.In"

asaresultofthisprocess,the"

rhythms"

oftheharvesting"

artist-goddess"

"

permeatethewholeworlduntilallvisual,tactile,andkineticpresenceistransubstantiatedintoApollonianmusicfortheear,"

thesoundsofthepoemitself.[27]

Ina1979essay,JeromeMcGannarguedthatwhilethepoemwasindirectlyinfluencedbyhistoricalevents,Keatshaddeliberatelyignoredthepoliticallandscapeof1819.[28]Counteringthisview,AndrewBennett,NicholasRoeandothersfocusedonwhattheybelievedwerepoliticalallusionsactuallypresentinthepoem,RoearguingforadirectconnectiontothePeterlooMassacreof1819.[29]Later,PaulFryarguedagainstMcGann'

sstancewhenhepointedout,"

Itscarcelyseemspertinenttosaythat'

ToAutumn'

isthereforeanevasionofsocialviolencewhenitissoclearlyanencounterwithdeathitself[...]itisnotapoliticallyencodedescapefromhistoryreflectingthecoercedbetrayal[...]ofitsauthor'

sradicalism.McGannthinkstorescueKeatsfromtheimputationofpoliticalnaï

veté

bysayingthathewasaradicalbrowbeatenintoquietism"

.[30]

Inhis1999studyoftheeffectonBritishliteratureofthediseasesandclimatesofthecolonies,AlanBewellread"

thelandscapeof'

as"

akindofbiomedicalallegoryofthecomingintobeingofEnglishclimaticspaceoutofitsdangerousgeographicalalternatives."

[31]Britain'

scolonialreachoverthepreviouscenturyandahalfhadexposedthemothercountrytoforeigndiseasesandawarenessofthedangersofextremetropicalclimates.Keats,withmedicaltraining,[32]havingsufferedchronicillnesshimself,[33]andinfluencedlikehiscontemporariesby"

colonialmedicaldiscourse"

[34]wasdeeplyawareofthisthreat.

AccordingtoBewell,thelandscapeof"

presentsthetemperateclimateofruralEnglandasahealthfulalternativetodisease-riddenforeignenvironments.[35]Thoughthe"

clammy"

aspectof"

fever"

theexcessiveripenessassociatedwithtropicalclimates,intrudeintothepoem,theseelements,lessprominentthaninKeats'

searlierpoetry,arecounterbalancedbythedry,crispautumnalairofruralEngland.[1]InpresentingtheparticularlyEnglishelementsofthisenvironment,KeatswasalsoinfluencedbycontemporarypoetandessayistLeighHunt,whohadrecentlywrittenofthearrivalofautumnwithits"

migrationofbirds"

"

finishedharvest"

cyder[...]making"

andmigrationof"

theswallows"

[21]aswellasbyEnglishlandscapep