巴朗Barron 第一套模考题 阅读部分 word文档.docx
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巴朗Barron第一套模考题阅读部分word文档
1.1Beowulf
HistoricalBackground
TheepicpoemBeowulf,writteninOldEnglish,istheearliestexistingGermanicepicandoneoffoursurvivingAnglo-Saxonmanuscripts.AlthoughBeowulfwaswrittenbyananonymousEnglishmaninOldEnglish,thetaletakesplaceinthatpartofScandinaviafromwhichGermanictribesemigratedtoEngland.BeowulfcomesfromGeatland,thesoutheasternpartofwhatisnowSweden.Hrothgar,kingoftheDanes,livesnearwhatisnowLeire,onZealand,Denmark’slargestisland.TheBeowulfepiccontainsthreemajortalesaboutBeowulfandseveralminortalesthatreflectarichGermanicoraltraditionofmyths,legends,andfolklore.
TheBeowulfwarriorshaveafootinboththeBronzeandIronAges.Theirmead-hallsreflectthewealthylivingoftheBronzeAgeNorthmen,andtheirwoodenshields,wood-shaftedspears,andbronze-hiltedswordsarethoseoftheBronzeAgewarrior.However,theycarryiron-tippedspears,andtheirbestswordshaveironoriron-edgedblades.Beowulfalsoordersanironshieldforhisfightwithadragon.Ironreplacedbronzebecauseitproducedabladewithacuttingedgethatwasstrongerandsharper.TheNorthmenlearnedhowtoforgeironinabout500B.C.AlthoughtheyhadbeensuperiortotheEuropeanCeltsinbronzework,itwastheCeltswhotaughtthemhowtomakeanddesignironwork.IronwasaccessibleeverywhereinScandinavia,usuallyintheformof“bog-iron”foundinthelayersofpeatinpeatbogs.
TheBeowulfepicalsorevealsinterestingaspectsofthelivesoftheAnglo-SaxonswholivedinEnglandatthetimeoftheanonymousBeowulfpoet.TheGermanictribes,includingtheAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,invadedEnglandfromaboutA.D.450to600.BythetimeoftheBeowulfpoet,Anglo-SaxoninEnglishwasneitherprimitivenoruncultured.
AlthoughtheBeowulfmanuscriptwaswritteninaboutA.D.1000,itwasnotdiscovereduntiltheseventeenthcentury.BScholarsdonotknowwhetherBeowulfisthesolesurvivingepicfromaflourishingAnglo-Saxonliteraryperiodthatproducedothergreatepicsorwhetheritwasuniqueeveninitsowntime.CManyscholarsthinkthattheepicwasprobablywrittensometimebetweenthelateseventhcenturyandtheearlyninthcentury.Iftheyarecorrect,theoriginalmanuscriptwasprobablylostduringtheninth-centuryVikinginvasionsofAnglia,inwhichtheDanesdestroyedtheAnglo-Saxonmonasteriesandtheirgreatlibraries.However,otherscholarsthinkthatthepoet’sfavorableattitudetowardtheDanesmustplacetheepic’scompositionaftertheVikinginvasionsandatthestartoftheeleventhcentury,whenthisBeowulfmanuscriptwaswritten.
TheidentityoftheBeowulfpoetisalsouncertain.DHeapparentlywasaChristianwholovedthepaganheroictraditionofhisancestorsandblendedthevaluesofthepaganherowiththeChristianvaluesofhisowncountryandtime.BecausehewroteintheAngliandialect,heprobablywaseitheramonkinamonasteryorapoetinanAnglo-SaxoncourtlocatednorthoftheThamesRiver.
AppealandValue
Beowulfinterestscontemporaryreadersformanyreasons.First,itisanoutstandingadventurestory.Grendel,Grendel’smother,andthedragonaremarvelouscharacters,andeachfightisunique,action-packed,andexciting.Second,Beowulfisaveryappealinghero.Heistheperfectwarrior,combiningextraordinarystrength,skill,courage,andloyalty.LikeHercules,hedevoteshislifetomakingtheworldasaferplace.Hechoosestoriskdeathinordertohelpotherpeople,andhefaceshisinevitabledeathwithheroismanddignity.Third,theBeowulfpoetisinterestedinthepsychologicalaspectsofhumanbehavior.Forexample,theDanishhero’swelcomingspeechillustrateshisjealousyofBeowulf.ThebehaviorofBeowulf’swarriorsinthedragonfightrevealstheircowardice.Beowulf’sattitudestowardheroismreflecthismaturityandexperience,whileKingHrothgar’sattitudestowardlifeshowtheexperiencesofanagednobleman.
Finally,theBeowulfpoetexhibitsamatureappreciationofthetransitorynatureofhumanlifeandachievement.InBeowulf,asinthemajorepicsofothercultures,theheromustcreateameaningfullifeinaworldthatisoftendangerousanduncaring.Hemustaccepttheinevitabilityofdeath.Hechoosestorejectdespair;instead,hetakesprideinhimselfandinhisaccomplishments,andhevalueshumanrelationships.
1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutBeowulf?
A.ItistheonlymanuscriptfromtheAnglo-Saxonperiod.
B.TheoriginalstorywaswritteninaGermandialect.
C.Theauthordidnotsignthisnametothepoem.
D.Itisoneofseveralepicsfromthefirstcentury.
2.Thewordwhichinthepassagerefersto
A.tale
B.Scandinavia
C.manuscripts
D.OldEnglish
3.Whydoestheauthormention“bog-iron”inparagraph2?
A.TodemonstratetheavailabilityofironinScandinavia
B.Toprovethatironwasbetterthanbronzeforweapons
C.ToarguethattheCeltsprovidedthematerialstomakeiron.
D.Tosuggestthat500B.C.wasthedatethattheIronAgebegan.
4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheinformationinthehighlightedstatementinthepassage?
Theotherchoiceschangethemeaningorleaveoutimportantinformation.
A.SocietyinAnglo-Saxonswasbothadvancedandcultured.
B.ThesocietyoftheAnglo-Saxonswasnotprimitiveorcultured.
C.TheAnglo-Saxonshadasocietythatwasprimitive,notcultured.
D.EnglishduringtheAnglo-Saxonsocietywasadvanced,notcultured.
5.Theworduniqueinthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
A.old
B.rare
C.perfect
D.weak
6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whydomanyscholarsbelievethattheoriginalmanuscriptforBeowulfwaslost?
A.Becauseitisnotlikeothermanuscripts.
B.Becausemanylibrarieswereburned.
C.BecausetheDaneswerealliesoftheAnglo-Saxons
D.Becausenocopieswerefoundofthemonasteries
7.Inparagraph4,theauthorsuggeststhatBeowulfwasdiscoveredinthe
A.firstcentury
B.ninthcentury
C.elevencentury
D.seventeenthcentury
8.Whydoestheauthorofthispassageusetheword“apparently”inparagraph5?
A.HeisnotcertainthattheauthorofBeowulfwasaChristian.
B.Heismentioningfactsthatareobvioustothereaders.
C.Heisgivinganexamplefromahistoricalreference.
D.HeisintroducingevidenceabouttheauthorofBeowulf.
9.TheauthorcomparedtheBeowulfcharactertoHerculesbecause
A.theyarebothexampleoftheidealhero
B.theiradventureswithadragonareverysimilar
C.thespeechesthattheymakeareinspiring
D.theylivedataboutthesametime
10.Thewordexhibitsinthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
A.creates
B.demonstrates
C.assumes
D.terminates
11.Thewordrejectinthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
A.manage
B.evaluate
C.refuse
D.confront
12.Lookatthefoursquares[]thatshowwherethefollowingsentencecouldbeinsertedinthepassage.
Moreover,theydisagreeastowhetherthisBeowulfisacopyofanearliermanuscript.
Wherecouldthesentencebestbeadded?
Clickonasquare[]toinsertthesentenceinthepassage.
13.Directions:
Anintroductionforashortsummaryofthepassageappearsbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatmentionthemostimportantpointsinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotincludedinthepassageorareminorpointsfromthepassage.
Thisquestionisworth2points.
BeowulfistheoldestAnglo-Saxonepicpoemthathassurvivedtothepresentday.
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AnswerChoices
A.TheNorthmenwereadeptincraftingtoolsandweaponsmadeofbronze,buttheCeltseresuperiorindesigningandworkinginiron.
B.IntheVikinginvasionsofEngland,theDanisharmiesdestroyedmonasteries,someofwhichcontainedextensivelibraries.
C.KingHrothgarandBeowulfbecomefriendsattheendoftheirlives,afterhavingspentdecadesopposingeachotheronthebattlefield.
D.ThepoemchronicleslifeinAnglo-SaxonsocietyduringtheBronzeandIronAgeswhenGermanictribeswereinvadingEngland.
E.AlthoughBeowulfwaswrittenbyananonymouspoet,probablyaChristian,about1000A.D.,itwasnotfoulduntiltheseventeenthcentury.
F.Beowulfisstillinterestingbecauseithasengagingcharacters,andadventuresplot,andanappreciationforhumanbehaviorandrelationships.
1.2Thermoregulation
Mammalsandbirdsgenerallymaintainbodytemperaturewithinanarrowrange(36–38°Cformostmammalsand39–42°Cformostbirds)thatisusuallyconsiderablywarmerthantheenvironment.Becauseheatalwaysflowsfromawarmobjecttocoolersurroundings,birdsandmammalsmustcounteracttheconstantheatloss.Thismaintenanceofwarmbodytemperaturedependsonseveralkeyadaptations.Themostbasicmechanismisthehighmetabolicrateofendothermyitself.Endothermscanproducelargeamountsofmetabolicheatthatreplacetheflowofheattotheenvironment,andtheycanvaryheatproductiontomatchchangingratesofheatloss.Heatproductionisincreasedbysuchmuscleactivityasmovingorshivering.Insomemammals,certainhormonescancausemitochondriatoincreasetheirmetabolicactivityandproduceheatinsteadofATP.Thisnonshiveringthermogenesis(NST)takesplacethroughoutthebody,butsomemammalsalsohaveatissuecalledbrownfatintheneckandbetweentheshouldersthatisspecializedforrapidheatproduction.ThroughshiveringandNST,mammalsandbirdsincoldenvironmentscanincreasetheirmetabolicheatproductionbyasmuchas5to10timesabovetheminimallevelsthatoccurinwarmconditions.
Anothermajorthermoregulatoryadaptationthatevolvedinmammalsandbirds