An-Outline-of-美国史.ppt

An-Outline-of-美国史.ppt

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AnOutlineofAmericanHistory,ChapterOne:

EarlyAmerica,1.TheFirstAmericansTheBeringSeaBeringia;theSiberiancoast2.TheFirstEuropeans:

ThefirstEuropeanstoarriveinNorthAmerica-atleastthefirstforwhomthereissolidevidence-wereNorse,travelingwestfromGreenland,whereEriktheRed,hadfoundedasettlementaroundtheyear985.In1001hissonLeifisthoughttohaveexploredthenortheastcoastofwhatisnowCanadaandspentatleastonewinterthere.In1497,justfiveyearsafterChristopherColumbuslandedintheCaribbeanlookingforawesternroutetoAsia,aVenetiansailornamedJohnCabotarrivedinNewfoundlandona,missionfortheBritishking.Althoughfairlyquicklyforgotten,CabotsjourneywaslatertoprovidethebasisforBritishclaimstoNorthAmerica.ItalsoopenedthewaytotherichfishinggroundsoffGeorgesBanks,towhichEuropeanfishermen,particularlythePortuguese,weresoonmakingregularvisits.,ColumbusneversawthemainlandUnitedStates,butthefirstexplorationsofthecontinentalUnitedStateswerelaunchedfromtheSpanishpossessionsthathehelpedestablish.WiththeconquestofMexicoin1522,theSpanishfurthersolidifiedtheirpositionintheWesternHemisphere.,AmongthemostsignificantearlySpanishexplorationswasthatofHernandoDeSoto,aveteranconquistadorwhohadaccompaniedFranciscoPizzaroduringtheconquestofPeru.LeavingHavanain1539,DeSotosexpeditionlandedinFloridaandrangedthroughthesouth-easternUnitedStatesasfarastheMississippiRiverinsearchofriches.,AnotherSpaniard,FranciscoCoronado,setoutfromMexico.HistravelstookhimtotheGrandCanyonandKansas.Coronadospartyleftthepeoplesoftheregionaremarkablegift:

enoughhorsesescapedtotransformlifeontheGreatPlains.,WhiletheSpanishwerepushingupfromthesouth,thenorthernportionofthepresent-dayUnitedStateswasslowlybeingrevealedthroughthejourneysofmensuchasGiovannidaVerrazano.AFlorentinewhosailedfortheFrench,VerrazanomadelandfallinNorthCarolinain1524,thensailednorthalongtheAtlanticcoastpastwhatisnowNewYorkharbor.,Adecadelater,theFrenchmanJacquesCartiersetsailwiththehope-liketheotherEuropeansbeforehim-offindingaseapassagetoAsia.CartiersexpeditionsalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverlaidthefoundationsfortheFrenchclaimstoNorthAmerica,whichweretolastuntil1763.,FollowingthecollapseoftheirfirstQuebeccolonyinthe1540s,FrenchHuguenotsattemptedtosettlethenortherncoastofFloridatwodecadeslater.TheSpanish,viewingtheFrenchasathreattotheirtraderoutealongtheGulfStream,destroyedthecolonyin1565.Ironically,theleaderoftheSpanishforces,PedroMenendez,wouldsoonestablishatownnotfaraway-St.Augustine.ItwasthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates.,In1578HumphreyGilbert,theauthorofatreatiseonthesearchfortheNorthwestPassage,receivedapatentfromQueenElizabethtocolonizetheheathenandbarbarouslandsintheNewWorldwhichotherEuropeannationshadnotyetclaimed.Itwouldbefiveyearsbeforehiseffortscouldbegin.Whenhewaslostatsea,hishalf-brother,WalterRaleigh,tookupthemission.,In1585RaleighestablishedthefirstBritishcolonyinNorthAmerica,onRoanokeIslandoffthecoastofNorthCarolina.Itwaslaterabandoned,andasecondefforttwoyearslateralsoprovedafailure.Itwouldbe20yearsbeforetheBritishwouldtryagain.Thistime-atJamestownin1607-thecolonywouldsucceed,andNorthAmericawouldenteranewera.,3.EarlySettlements,MostEuropeanemigrantslefttheirhomelandstoescapepoliticaloppression,toseekthefreedomtopracticetheirreligion,orforadventureandopportunitiesdeniedthemathome.Between1620and1635,economicdifficultiessweptEngland.Manypeoplecouldnotfindwork.,Evenskilledartisanscouldearnlittlemorethanabareliving.Poorcropyieldsaddedtothedistress.Inaddition,theIndustrialRevolutionhadcreatedaburgeoningtextileindustry,whichdemandedanever-increasingsupplyofwooltokeeptheloomsrunning.,Landlordsenclosedfarmlandsandevictedthepeasantsinfavorofsheepcultivation.Colonialexpansionbecameanoutletforthisdisplacedpeasantpopulation.Majesticrivers-theKennebec,Hudson,Delaware,Susquehanna,Potomacandnumerousothers-linkedlandsbetweenthecoastandtheAppalachianMountainswiththesea.,Onlyoneriver,however,theSt.Lawrence-dominatedbytheFrenchinCanada-offeredawaterpassagetotheGreatLakesandintotheheartofthecontinent.Denseforests,theresistanceofsomeIndiantribesandtheformidablebarrieroftheAppalachianMountainsdiscouragedsettlementbeyondthecoastalplain.Onlytrappersandtradersventuredintothewilderness.Forthefirsthundredyearsthecolonistsbuilttheirsettlementscompactlyalongthecoast.,Politicalconsiderationsinfluencedmanypeopletomove