美国文学史与选读上册复习笔记文档格式.docx

美国文学史与选读上册复习笔记文档格式.docx

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C.freefrompoliticalprejudiceandideologicalconformity

D.theirliterarycareer;

successfulthroughtheirindividualefforts

E.therightsofindividuals;

theirownrightsandinterest

F.ameansofself-expression;

awayofexpressingtheirpersonalviewsaboutlifeandsociety,ofadvocatingliberty,democracyandindependentactionoftheindividual.

G.adevotiontoself-realization,toprotectionofenvironmentandtosuspicionofamasssocietyandpower

3）Critical

A.notsatisfiedwiththecontemporarysociety

B.questiontheprevailingvalues

C.discernflawsinsociety

D.criticizeAmericansociety

E.aliterarytraditioninAmerica

4）Innovative

A.theleastrestraintsandbondagetothepast

B.thenewideas,newattitudes,andnewculturalfaces

C.experimentsinwriting

D.differentfromothersasmuchaspossible;

anewtrendalmosteverytenyears

E.America’schangingvalues

5）Humorous

A.astrictlynationalcharacteristic;

partoftheirlife,theircharacter,andtheirstyle

B.theludicrousandmirthful

C.enrichAmericanliteraturewithhumorofallkinds

II.NativeAmericanLiterature

1.Background

1）Arichstoreoforalliterature

2）Differentliterarytaste

2.Threestagesofdevelopment

1）TraditionalIndianLiterature

A.thecategoryoforalliterature

B.aregularityofmetricpattern

C.anorganicpartofeverydaylife

D.functional

2）TransitionalIndianLiterature

A.translationsofthegreatIndianorators;

memoirsoftheIndianexperience

B.relatedbyIndianstowhiteaudiences.

3）ModernIndianLiterature

A.novels,shortstories,andpoetry

B.moregoodIndianpoetsthanfictionwriters

C.boththeirrichheritageandtheirtragiclossofidentity

III.LiteratureofColonialSettlements

1）NeitherAmericannorreallyliterature

notAmerican:

theworkmainlyofimmigrantsfromEngland

notliterature:

aninterestingmixtureoftravelaccountsandreligiouswritings

2）Theaustere简朴的PilgrimstoreformtheChurchofEngland

2.Puritanism

1）TheNewEnglandsettlements:

A.religiouscontroversy

B.anurgeforreligiousfreedomanddetermination

C.fleeingfromreligiousandpoliticaloppressionandpersecution

D.humanthirstforgreatereconomicopportunity,forland,andforadventure

2）Puritans-to“purify”thereligiouspracticeinthechurch

3）Theirownreligiousandmoralprinciples

AmericanPuritanism—oneoftheenduringinfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.

4）Predestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,andlimitedatonement补偿fromGod’sgrace

5）Theirwayoflife—hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety

3.Literature（Inthecolonialperiod,muchoftheliteraturewasproducedbyPuritanwriters.）

1）AliteraryexpressionofthePuritanidealism

ThePuritanoptimism—enormousimpactonAmericanliterature

2）Aliteratureofdiscovery

ThepotentialitiesoftheNewWorld;

Theharshreality.

3）Thetypesofwritingproducedinthecolonialsettlementshistories,travelaccounts,biographies,diaries,letters,autobiographies,sermonsandpoems

4）Thepurposeofwriting

torecordtheirexperiencesandtoexpresstheirviewsandfeelings

5）Writersinthisperiodinclude

WilliamBradford（1590-1657），

JohnWinthrop（1588-1631）,

AnnBradstreet（1612-1672）,oneofthemostinterestingoftheearlypoets

EdwardTaylor（1642-1729）.thebestofthePuritanpoets.

AandE:

TheycanbecalledservantsofGod.TheirwritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansion.

Someothercolonialwriterswroteforcivilandreligiousfreedom,andsomewroteforAmericashakingoffthefettersofthesavageBritishcolonialrule.

4.Characteristics

1）utilitarian功利主义的,polemical好争论的,ordidactic说教的

2）teachsomekindoflesson

3）servedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth

4）apracticalconsiderationofthesortimpression

—eachwriterwantedtomakeuponaselectedgroupofreaders

5）symbolismasatechnique

6）plainness

7）fresh,simple,direct,andwithatouchofnobility

8）asmuchaproductofcontinuitiesasanindigenouscreation

补充

AmericanPuritanism

AmericanPuritanismisoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.

Theterm“puritan”wasfirstappliedtothoseProtestantreformerswhorejectedQueenElizabeth’sreligioussettlementsof1560becausetheyweredeterminedto“purify”theirreligion.

PuritanBeliefs

Twocovenants:

1.theagreementmadebetweenGodandAdam

“originalsin”（原罪）

2.theagreementmadebetweenGodandAbraham

“grace”（恩典）

ThePuritansbelievedthattheyweredescendentsofAbraham:

theywerethe“electgroup”redeemedbythesufferingofJesusChristandchosentoreceiveGod’s“grace”.

1.OriginofPuritan

InthemediaevalEurope,therewaswidespreadreligiousrevolution.Inthe16thC,theEnglishKingHenryVIII,atthattime,theCatholicswerenotallowedtodivorceunlesstheyhavethePope’spermission.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorcehiswifebecauseshecouldn’tbearhimason.ButthePopedidn’tallowhimtodivorcebecausehiswifeisthePope’sniece.HenryVIIIbecameverydissatisfiedwiththePope,sohebrokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurch&

establishedtheChurchofEngland.Buttherewasnoradical彻底地differencebetweenthedoctrinesoftheChurchofEnglandandtheCatholicChurch.AgroupofpeoplethoughttheChurchofEnglandwastooCatholicandwantedtopurifythechurch.ThencamethenamePuritans…OfcoursetheyhaddifferentreligiousbelieffromthatoftheCatholicChurch.

2.Puritanism---basedonCalvinism

•1）predestination:

God’select

Puritansbelievedtheyarepredestinedbeforetheywereborn.

Nothingornogoodworkcanchangetheirfate.

Theybelievedthesuccessofone’sbusinessisthesigntoshowheistheGod’select.SothePuritansworksveryhard,spendverylittleandinvestmoreforthefuturebusiness.Theylivedaveryfrugallife.Thisistheirethics.

•2）originalsinandtotaldepravity

Manisbornsinful.Thisdeterminessomepuritans’pessimisticattitudetowardlife.

•3）limitedatonement（thesalvationofaselectedfew）

•4）theocracy

Theycombinedstatewithreligion.Theirgovernmentisatleastnotaliberalone.

ThePuritansestablishedAmtradition---intolerantmoralism.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adultery&

heretics.

Puritanschangedgraduallyduetotheseverityoffrontierenvironment.

Puritanism&

Confucianism

Confucianism（修身齐家治国平天下））

3.InfluenceonAmliterature

•1）itsoptimism

AmericanliteraturewasfromtheoutsetconditionedbythePuritanheritage.ItcanbesaidAmericanliteratureisbasesontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.（AdamandEveusedtoliveacarefreelifeintheGardenofEden.luredbythesnake,theyatetheForbiddenFruitintheappletree.ApeiceofapplechokedinAdam’sthroat,thencameAdam’sapple.Afterknowingthetruth,GodbecameveryangryanddrovethemalloutoftheGardenofEden.ThesnakeusedtowalklikemanbutafterthattheGodforcehimtocrawl.ThenmanwasforcedtosufferthelabortokeepthewholefamilyandWomanwasforcedtosuffertheagonyofbabybearing.）Afterthat,manhaveanillusiontorestoretheparadise.Thepuritans,afterarrivingatAmerica,believeingthatGodmusthavesentthemtothisnewlandtorestorethelostparadise,tobuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Firedwithsuchastrongsenseofmission,theytreatedlifewithatremendousamountofoptimism.TheoptimisticPuritanshasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature,

•2）Puritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionchangedgraduallyintoaliterarysymbolism

问题AmericancolonialliteratureisneitherrealliteraturenorAmerican

why?

1.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,etc.personalliteratureinvariousforms

2.ColonialLiteratureismainlyEnglishliteraturetraditionimitated&

transplanted.

Parttwo.TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution

Ⅰ.Background

1.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783

TheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic:

theUnitedStatesofAmerica

2.Enlightenment

A）ThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.

（PS.TheAgeofEnlightenment,orsimplyTheEnlightenment,isatermusedtodescribeatimeinWesternphilosophyandculturallife,centeredupontheeighteenthcentury,inwhichreasonwasadvocatedastheprimarysourceandlegitimacyforauthority.）

（1）OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury;

CenterofEnlightenment:

France

（2）Sources:

Newton’stheory;

deism（自然神教派）;

Frenchphilosophy（Rousseau,Voltaire）

（3）Basicprinciples:

Stressingeducation;

stressingReason（Order）（TheagehasbeencalledtheAgeofReason.）;

employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;

concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice;

theideaofprogress.

（4）Representatives:

孟德斯鸠（Montesquieu,1689—1755）SpiritLawdivisionofpower三权分立

伏尔泰（Voltaire,1694－1778）Philosophical（哲学通信）、思想：

naturalfreedomandequality人生而自由平等

狄德罗（Diderot,1713-1784）

让·

雅各·

卢梭（Jean-JacquesRousseau,1712—1778）SocialContract

康德（Kant,1724-1804）