城市规划翻译建设与保护北京城市规划步入正轨Word文件下载.docx

城市规划翻译建设与保护北京城市规划步入正轨Word文件下载.docx

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考试科目城市规划理论与方法

考试时间2010.3.1

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ConstructionandProtection：

BeijingFeelsItsWayinCityPlanning

PEOPLEreturningtoBeijingafterafewyears’absencemarvelathowmuchthecityhaschanged,andforoldBeijingers,thesechangeshaveoccurreddaily,beforetheirveryeyes．AccordingtoHuangYan,deputydirectoroftheBeijingMunicipalPlanningCommitteemunicipalplanningofthecapitalstartedatthefoundingofthePeople'

sRepublic,andageneraldevelopmentscenariomaturedduringthe1950sand60s．

“Themunicipalconstructionachievementsoftodayareattributabletomunicipalplansbackthen,”saysMs.Huang.

EarlyCityPlans

ThemoatsurroundingtheImperialCityatthecitycenter

MunicipalplanningforacapitalcityIsnoteasy．Asfromthe1950s,severalconstructionplanswereformulatedforBeijing．DongGuangqi,aseniorarchitectandformervicepresidentoftheBeijingMunicipalCityPlanningandDesignInstitute,hasbeeninvolvedingeneralmunicipalandphasedplanningsincethe1950s．ThefirstgroupofplannersIncludedafewspecialiststhathadreturnedfromoverseas,andSovietexpertswhohadparticipatedintheplanningofMoscowThegreatmajority,however,wereyounguniversitygraduates．

IntheearlystagesofnewChina,therewashighnumberofunemployedamongthecapital'

sresidents,sorelyinneedofthemeanstomakealiving．Theinitialplan,therefore,wastomakeBeijingintonotonlyapoliticalandculturalcenter,butalsoalargeindustrialcity．ThistendencytowardsindustrialdevelopmentofthecapitalwasaresultofSovietinfluence,andforthe30yearsthatfollowed,Beijingdevelopedastrongindustrialbase,oneaspectofwhichwasanironandsteelworkswithanannualoutputofover10milliontons.Excessiveindustrialdevelopmentinthecityproper,however,putgreatpressureonenergy,waterandlandresources,andalsoontransportation,whichmadeitverydifficultforBeijingtofulfillitstraditionalroleasthepoliticalandculturalcenterofChina．Technologicaldevelopmentalsoresultedintallbuildingsthatmarredtheflat,openperspectiveoftheoldcity.Newbuildingsoutnumberedold,andpreservationoftheoldcitybecameatopicofincreasingprominence.

Then,in1983,Beijingformulatedacityplanthatsupersededthepreviousone,andthatclearlydefinedBeijingasthenationalcenterofpolitics,cultureandinternationalexchange．TheplancarefullyavoideddefiningBeijingasaneconomiccenter,insteademphasizingtheneedtopreservetheancientcityandBeijing'

sstatusasafamoushistoricandculturalsite.

InOctober1993,atrans-centuryplanwasformulated.Unlikepreviousplans,whoseperspectivewaslimitedtowithinthe20thcentury,thishadavisionthatextendedbeyondandledtothedevelopmentplanfor2010．Moreimportant,thenewplansetaprecedentbysubjectingtheorientationofmunicipalconstructiontotherequirementsofthemarketeconomy.HuangYanexplainedthattheplanreflectedtwostrategicchanges：

ashiftfromsimpleoutwardexpansiontoadjustmentandtransformationofthecityproper,andfromemphasisonconstructioninthecitypropertosuburbanareas.

Asaresultoftheseplans,BeijingnowhasformedseveralfunctioningareasaroundTian'

anmenSquare．Atthecenterisanadministrationarea,totheeastatextileindustrialarea,andtothesoutheastachemicalindustrialandmanufacturingarea.Inthewestistheironandsteelandheavychemicalindustrialarea,inthenortheastanelectronicindustrialarea,whileInthenorthwest,aroundZhonggancun,isaculturalandeducationalarea.

WhatShouldBeijingBeLike?

Itshistoryof800yearsasacapitalcityhasleftBeijingwithalayoutcenteredaroundtheForbiddenCity,withTian'

anmenSquarebeforeit一alegacyoftheMingandQingdynasties（1368－1911）.TheForbiddenCityisthelargestandbestpreservedimperialpalaceintheworld,andsitsonthecentralaxisoftheoldcity.

Whenselectingwheretheadministrationcentershouldbelocatedintheearly1950s,thereweretwoprevailingopinions.One-thatofSovietexpertsandcertain

BeijingWestTrainStation

Chinesearchitects,inparticularHuaNangui,ZhuZhaoxueandZhaoDongri,wasthattheadministrationcentershouldbelocatedintheoldcity.Thesecondwasthatitshouldbelocatedwest,oftheoldcity,somewherebetweenthewesternsectionsofthepresentsecondandthirdringroads.ThiswastheopinionofLiangSichengandChenZhanxiang.LiangandChencitedtwoaspectsofthedifficultiesinvolvedinlocatingagovernmentalcenterintheoldcity.First,theoldcityisacompleteandartisticartifactthatreflectstherulesandsystemsofancientChina,andassuchisarareworldtreasure.Itwouldbedifficulttoincorporateintoitamassiveadministrationcenter,and,second,sufficientlandwasnotavailable.

Thetwosuggestedthatanadministrationareaimmediatelytothewestoftheoldcitycouldencompasstwocenters－theoldcitycenterandthenewgovernmentalcenter.Ifacentralbusinessdistrict（CBD）weretobebuilttothesouthwestoftheoldcity,Beijingwouldactuallyhavethreecenters,whichwouldgreatlyalleviatethepressureofconcentratedpopulation．Agreementwasreachedonneitherproposal,andargumentcontinuestothisday,butasregardsactualimplementationovertheensuingyears,thefirstproposalwasfollowed.

Today,citizensfrustratedbyconstanttrafficjamsamidstrelentlesssubwayextensionandroadexpansion,andconstructionthathasbeenongoingsincethe1980s,areperplexedbythelackoforderinurbanconstruction.TheythinkofLiangSichengandhisplanforBeijing,andbitterlyregretthatitwasnotadopted.

Some,however,arguethatadoptionofthefirstproposalwasinevitablebackthen,whennewChinahadjustbeenfounded,andthatthegovernmentlackedthefinancialresourcesforanewadministrationcenter.Anotheraspectwasthat,asapeople'

sgovernment,itcouldnotbuildanofficeareaforitselfatthetimewhenthemajorityofChinesepeoplewerelivinganextremelyhardlife.PremierZhouEnlaistatedonseveraloccasionsthatduringhistermtherewouldbenoconstructionofaStateCouncilofficebuilding.Lastly,thegeneralmentalityofthetimewasonethatstillveneratedtheimperialpalaceinitspositionofcitycenter,andthatcouldnotconceiveofanydeviationfromthistradition.

XidanCulturalSquareatoneofBeijing’smainshoppingcenters.

WuLiangyong．formerassistanttoMr.LiangandnowaprofessoratTsinghuaUniversityandacademicianattheChineseAcademyofSciencesandChineseAcademyofEngineering,explainsthattherejectionofMr.Liang’splanalsohadatechnicalangle．“Whenconsideringthelevelofcityplanningintheearlyyears,theplanforthenewgovernmentalcenterwasnotsatisfactory,asitwouldhavebeenplacedtoomuchinacorner,intooobscureaposition,andwithadistinctlackofgrandeurandmagnificence.Thiswasprobablyareasonwhytheplanwasnotaccepted.”HefurtherpointsoutthatMr.Liang'

ssuggestiontocreateanewurbancenterwasoneintendedtosolvetheconflictbetweenpreservationanddevelopment．“Unfortunately,”saysWu,“thisideawasnotwellarguedfromaphilosophicalperspective.”

LiuXiaoshi,formerchiefarchitectanddirectoroftheBeijingMunicipalPlanningAdministration,alsoexpressedhisretrospectivefeelingofpowerlessness.“ItwasamistaketorejectMr.Liang'

sproposal.Lackofmoneywasnoexcuses,astheplanwasflexibleandcouldhavebeencarriedoutstagebystage,inaccordancewiththefundsavailable．Theproblemwasthatiftherehadbeenthreeforeignexperts,onefromtheUnitedStates,onefromBritain,andonefromtheformerSovietUnion,itwasinevitablethatthereceivedopinionwouldhavebeenthatoftheSovietexpert,asthegeneraltrendwastolearnfromtheSovietUnion．”

DongGuangqipointoutthatthematerialandcognitivelimitsofthetimemadeitinevitablethattheplanputforwardbyLiangandChenwouldberejected,butitwasregrettablethatnoheedwaspaidtoprecautionsandsuggestionsraisedintheplanasregardspreservationandtransformationoftheoldcity.

Thismistakeisirreversible,andpeoplefinallyrealizewhycitytrafficisalwayscongested,despitecontinuousconstructionofroadsandflyovers,andseethewisdomofMr.Liang'

sideaofsynchronizedpreservationanddevelopment．

NewBeijingandtheGreatOlympics

ConstructioninBeijinghasmaintaineditsalarmingspeedoverthepastdecades,andthesuccessful2008Olympicsbidhasaccelerateditfurther,aswellasgivingbirthtothe“OlympicsProject.”

The500-year-oldEmbrasuredWatchtowerofMeridianGatehasbeenrenovatedseveraltimesandisingoodconditions.

TheBeijingOlympicswillcompetein28sportseventsandneed37competitionsites32ofwhichwillbelocatedinBeijing,andeightthatwillbenewlybuilt.AccordingtoHuangYan,between2001and2005Beijingwillinvest180billionyuan（approximatelyUS$22.5billion）ininfrastructure,transportation,environmentalprotection,riversystemharnessing,sewagetreatment,anurbangreeningproject,waterandelectricitysupplies,andinformationprocessingsystems.

Asregardstransportation,Beijingwillbuild11expresswaysthatwillcrossthecity'

sringroadstoformaradiatingroadnetwork.By2008Beijingwillalsohavebuiltsevenrailroutesandextendeditspresentrailmileagefrom54kilometersto200kilometers．Ms．HuangisconfidentthatbythentransportationinBeijingwillbegreatlyimproved.

AnewlybuiltarchwayonQianmenStreet.

Asregardenvironmentalprotection,