宏观期末知识点总结Word格式.docx

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宏观期末知识点总结Word格式.docx

Chapter27(AD-AS model)

The main purpose of AD-ASmodel:

explainchangesinrealGDPandpricelevel,whichleads tobusinesscyclefluctuations around potential GDP.

1、区分宏观中的长短期

宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分:

在长期中,价格是具有伸缩性的,价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态;

在短期中,价格是具有粘性的(sticky),实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP.

2、总供给(AggregateSupply)

2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。

The quantityoflabor employed

Thequantityofphysical,humancapitalQuantityof realGDPsupplied

ThestateoftechnologyﻩASﻩ

内生变量

ﻩPricelevel

2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围

企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性---长期总供给曲线

企业的产品服务价格具有黏性—短期总供给曲线

2.2.1长期总供给(long-runaggregatesupply)

a、Inthe longrun,themoneywagerate changesinstepwiththe price level;

b、TrytoexplainwhytheLAS curve isvertical.(重点)

thepricelevel

ﻩchangeby ﻩtherealwagerate

themoneywagethesamepercentage does notchange

rate

atthe full-employmentlevel  realGDP=potential GDPpotential 

GDPisindependentofthepricelevelﻩ   LAScurveisvertical

2.2.2短期总供给(short-runaggregate supply)

a、intheshortrun,themoneywagerate, theprices ofother resources andpotentialGDPremainconstant;

b、TrytoexplainwhytheSAS curveslopes upward.

Intheshortrun, when the pricelevelrises realwageratedeclines

thecostofproductiondecreasesemploymorelabors increasesproduction(realGDP) 黏性工资模型

在超短期中,总供给曲线是水平的。

2.3总供给的变动

Anincrease in the

Full-employment

quantityoflabor

Anincrease inthechangesin both ofLASandSAS

quantityofcapital  potentialGDPcurveshift

Anadvancein

technologyﻩchanges

ﻩinAS

Departuresfrom

full-employment

ﻩchangesin

Expectations about the moneywageonly SAScurveshifts

inflationﻩrate

3、总需求(Aggregate demand)

3.1总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系

Basicformula:

Y(实际GDP需求量)= C+I+G+(X-M) aggregate

Pricelevel demand

3.2总需求曲线

Try toexplain whytheADcurveslopesdownward.

Method 1

Pricelevelﻩ

realwealth

savingWealth Effect

current consumption 

AD

IntertemporalsubstitutionSubstitution

InternationalpriceﻩEffcts

Method2

Toanalysis therelationshipbetweenthepriceleveland realGDP byusingthe quantitytheoryofmoney.

3.3影响总需求变动的因素

Expectation,Fiscalandmonetarypolicy,The world economic(这部分的变化分析要求理解掌握,课本上有具体的总结解释)

4、短期均衡与长期均衡

短期均衡:

SAS=AD(attention:

 themoneywagerateisfixed)

长期均衡:

货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态。

Inthelong-run equilibrium, potentialGDPdeterminesreal GDP,andpotential GDPand AD determinethepricelevel.

凯恩斯主义:

强调短期均衡;

新古典主义:

强调长期均衡

5、AS-AD模型的运用(重点)

5.1 解释经济增长,经济增长的过程中伴随通货膨胀

5.2解释经济周期(短期经济波动)

5.3总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应(通胀缺口和萧条缺口)

5.4总供给负方向波动会引发滞胀,思考可以通过何种调整可以使经济回归充分就业状态。

6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派

古典主义:

经济能够自我调节,回归充分就业状态(长期);

新古典认为技术的变化是造成经济波动的主要原因。

强调政府干预,经济不能自身调节

货币主义:

在货币政策稳定且货币稳定增长的情况下,经济能够自我调节,处于充分就业的均衡状态

Chapter 28ExpenditureMultipliers:

TheKeynesianModel

凯恩斯模型前提假设:

1.Price-levelisfixed 

2.Aggregate demanddetermines realGDP

Aggregate plannedexpenditure:

C+I+G+X-M(注意均为planned的情况而非实际情况,C,M有部分是自发性的

1Consumptionand saving

a.Factors influenceconsumptionandsaving:

1.Disposalincome增加(减少),c,s增加(减少);

2.Real interest rate增加(减少),c减少(增加),s增加(减少);

3. Wealth增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加);

4.Expectedfutureincome增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加) 

b.Consumption, savingfunctionsP673

c. MPC,MPS, MPI:

MPC+MPS=1,MPI=changesininvestment/changesinrealGDP

2AggregatePlannedExpenditure

a.Autonomousexpenditure:

 I,G,X,部分C,M

Inducedexpenditure:

C,M

计算autonomous expenditure:

 realGDP=0时的aggregateplanned expenditure

b.AECurveP677

c.Actualaggregateexpenditure= RealGDP

Aggregateplannedexpenditure≠RealGDP(inventories的作用)

Aggregateplannedexpenditure>Real GDP,inventories减少;

Aggregateplanned expenditure<

RealGDP, inventories增加。

d.Equilibriumexpenditure:

Aggregateplannedexpenditure=RealGDP

3Multiplier

Multiplier= changesin equilibriumexpenditure/ changesinautonomous expenditure=△Y/△A

 =1/(1-theslopeofAE)

Multiplier>1的原因:

autonomous expenditure的增加会带来realGDP增加,进而增加inducedexpenditure。

当无income tax,imports时,multiplier=1/(1-MPC)=1/MPS

当有incometax,imports时,multiplier<1/(1-MPC),1/MPS

4AS-ADandAggregate expendituremodels

a.veryshortrun(物价不变,SAS水平,P687)

investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移

Multiplier=△Y/ △A

b.shortrun(物价改变,SAS倾斜,P688)

investment增加→AE上移,Real GDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,RealGDP减少

Multiplier会小于当物价不变的情况

c.longrun(物价改变,RealGDP=Potential GDP,P689)

investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,Moneywagerate增加→SAS左移并最终和AD相交回到PotentialGDP水平,AE减少到原水平

Multiplier=0

Chapter29 

1.demand-pullinflation(Money WageRate调节)

Aninflation thatstartsbecauseaggregatedemandincreases

ADemand-PullInflationProcess(P703图)

2.cost-pushinflation(An increaseincost:

the money wagerateor themoneypriceofrawmaterials)

A Cost-PushInflationProcess(P705图)

Stagflation:

thecombinationofa risingprice level andadecreasingrealGDP

重点掌握两种类型的图

3.expectedinflation.(作图)

影响AD和AS的因素

4.(重点)short-runPhilipscurve

(Theexpected inflation rate,thenaturalunemployment rate)

当expectedinflation rate=actualinflationrate时,

unemployment rate=naturalunemployment rate

5.(重点)long-runPhilips curve(actualinflation rate=expectedinflationrate)

P209的两个图,short-run和long-run分别怎么变动要掌握

6.businesscycle 的各种理论(了解)

Mainstreambusinesscycletheory,Realbusinesscycle theory

Chapter30fiscalpolicy

1.Fiscalpolicy istheuse ofthefederalbudget toachieve macroeconomicobjectives, suchas fullemployment,sustainedeconomicgrowth,andprice levelstability.

2.Thefederalbudgetisthe annualstatementofthe federal government’soutlaysandtaxrevenues

3.Fiscalpolicyhas important effectson employment, potentialGDP,andaggregate supply—calledsupply-sideeffects.(重点掌握如何作图)

(1)Theeffectsof theincome taxon aggregate supply。

主要看课本Figure30.5的两个图(重点注意taxwedge(税收楔形)

Thesupply-sideeffectof a rise inthe incometaxdecreasespotentialGDPanddecreasesaggregatesupply

Taxes onconsumption expenditureaddtothetaxwedge.

The reason is that ataxon consumptionraisesthepricespaidforconsumption goodsandservicesandis equivalent toa cutinthe real wagerate

(2)theeffectsofatax oncapitalincome(interest)主要看课本上Figure30.6

Ataxdecreases thesupplyofloanablefunds. Andinvestmentandsaving decrease.

Atax wedge isdriven between therealinterestrateandthereal after-taxinterestrate.

(3) TaxRevenuesandtheLafferCurve(拉弗曲线)

Therelationshipbetweenthetaxrateandtheamount oftaxrevenuecollectediscalledtheLaffercurve.见课本Figure 30.7

4.generationalaccounting,fiscalimbalance,generationalimbalance (了解)

5.FiscalStimulus:

Afiscal stimulusistheuseof fiscalpolicytoincreaseproductionand employment主要分为以下两种政策:

Automaticfiscalpolicy (自动稳定的财政政策)isa fiscal policyaction triggeredby thestateof the economy with nogovernment action.

Discretionaryfiscalpolicy(相机抉择的财政政策)isapolicyaction thatisinitiatedbyanactofCongress.

(1)在Automaticfiscalpolicy这一块的知识点中主要掌握结构性平衡和周期性平衡,弄清楚结构性盈余和赤字以及周期性盈余和赤字

Thestructuralsurplus or deficitisthebudgetbalancethatwouldoccur if theeconomywereatfullemploymentandrealGDPwereequaltopotentialGDP.

The cyclicalsurplusordeficitistheactualsurplusordeficitminusthestructuralsurplusordeficit.(主要看课本上Figure30.9)

(2)在Discretionaryfiscalpolicy这一块的知识中主要掌握government expendituremultiplier(政府支出乘数效应)thequantityeffectofachange ingovernment expenditure on real GDP.(要重点掌握如何作图表现这一乘数效应,Figure30.11要特别注意以下几种情况:

a.When government expenditureincreasesrealGDP,incomesriseandahigher income bringaincreaseinconsumptionexpenditure .Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceof theincreaseingovernmentexpenditure, themultiplier wouldbe>

1

b.whengovernmentexpenditureincreases,government borrowingincreaseandraisestherealinterestrate.Withthe highercostofborrowing,investmentdecreases, which will partly offsetsthe increase ingovernment spending. If this weretheonlyconsequenceof theincreaseingovernment expenditure,themultiplierwouldbe< 1.

cTheactual multiplier dependsonwhichaboveeffectisstronger.

(3)Thetaxmultiplieristhe quantityeffecta changeintaxesonaggregate demand

Chapter31 Monetary Policy

1、掌握monetary policy的objective

Maximumemployment、Moderatelong-term interestrates、Stableprices(主要目标)

2、如何conduct monetarypolicy?

Fed通过openmarketoperation首先影响federalfundsrate,接着影响interest rate,然后影响quantityofmoney,最后影响aggregatedemand.

注意:

federalfundsrate是bank持有reserve的cost

具体的processoftransmission见书上759

3、Fed如何fightrecession/inflation?

●当经济处于recession的时候,Fed会降低federalfundsrate使得monetarybase增加,从而使得interestrate减少,间接导致plannedexpenditure增加,由于乘数效应,realGDP会增长到potential GDP.

(书上762-763这4个图要掌握)

●当经济处于inflation的时候,Fed会增加Fedfundsrate使得monetarybase减少,从而使得interestrate增加,间接导致plannedexpenditure减少,由于乘数效应,realGDP会减少到potentialGDP.

(书上764-765这4个图要掌握).

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