宏观期末知识点总结Word格式.docx
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Chapter27(AD-AS model)
The main purpose of AD-ASmodel:
explainchangesinrealGDPandpricelevel,whichleads tobusinesscyclefluctuations around potential GDP.
1、区分宏观中的长短期
宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分:
在长期中,价格是具有伸缩性的,价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态;
在短期中,价格是具有粘性的(sticky),实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP.
2、总供给(AggregateSupply)
2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。
The quantityoflabor employed
Thequantityofphysical,humancapitalQuantityof realGDPsupplied
ThestateoftechnologyﻩASﻩ
内生变量
ﻩPricelevel
2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围
企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性---长期总供给曲线
企业的产品服务价格具有黏性—短期总供给曲线
2.2.1长期总供给(long-runaggregatesupply)
a、Inthe longrun,themoneywagerate changesinstepwiththe price level;
b、TrytoexplainwhytheLAS curve isvertical.(重点)
thepricelevel
ﻩchangeby ﻩtherealwagerate
themoneywagethesamepercentage does notchange
rate
atthe full-employmentlevel realGDP=potential GDPpotential
GDPisindependentofthepricelevelﻩ LAScurveisvertical
2.2.2短期总供给(short-runaggregate supply)
a、intheshortrun,themoneywagerate, theprices ofother resources andpotentialGDPremainconstant;
b、TrytoexplainwhytheSAS curveslopes upward.
Intheshortrun, when the pricelevelrises realwageratedeclines
thecostofproductiondecreasesemploymorelabors increasesproduction(realGDP) 黏性工资模型
在超短期中,总供给曲线是水平的。
2.3总供给的变动
Anincrease in the
Full-employment
quantityoflabor
Anincrease inthechangesin both ofLASandSAS
quantityofcapital potentialGDPcurveshift
Anadvancein
technologyﻩchanges
ﻩinAS
Departuresfrom
full-employment
ﻩchangesin
Expectations about the moneywageonly SAScurveshifts
inflationﻩrate
3、总需求(Aggregate demand)
3.1总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系
Basicformula:
Y(实际GDP需求量)= C+I+G+(X-M) aggregate
Pricelevel demand
3.2总需求曲线
Try toexplain whytheADcurveslopesdownward.
Method 1
Pricelevelﻩ
realwealth
savingWealth Effect
current consumption
AD
IntertemporalsubstitutionSubstitution
InternationalpriceﻩEffcts
Method2
Toanalysis therelationshipbetweenthepriceleveland realGDP byusingthe quantitytheoryofmoney.
3.3影响总需求变动的因素
Expectation,Fiscalandmonetarypolicy,The world economic(这部分的变化分析要求理解掌握,课本上有具体的总结解释)
4、短期均衡与长期均衡
短期均衡:
SAS=AD(attention:
themoneywagerateisfixed)
长期均衡:
货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态。
Inthelong-run equilibrium, potentialGDPdeterminesreal GDP,andpotential GDPand AD determinethepricelevel.
凯恩斯主义:
强调短期均衡;
新古典主义:
强调长期均衡
5、AS-AD模型的运用(重点)
5.1 解释经济增长,经济增长的过程中伴随通货膨胀
5.2解释经济周期(短期经济波动)
5.3总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应(通胀缺口和萧条缺口)
5.4总供给负方向波动会引发滞胀,思考可以通过何种调整可以使经济回归充分就业状态。
6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派
古典主义:
经济能够自我调节,回归充分就业状态(长期);
新古典认为技术的变化是造成经济波动的主要原因。
强调政府干预,经济不能自身调节
货币主义:
在货币政策稳定且货币稳定增长的情况下,经济能够自我调节,处于充分就业的均衡状态
Chapter 28ExpenditureMultipliers:
TheKeynesianModel
凯恩斯模型前提假设:
1.Price-levelisfixed
2.Aggregate demanddetermines realGDP
Aggregate plannedexpenditure:
C+I+G+X-M(注意均为planned的情况而非实际情况,C,M有部分是自发性的
1Consumptionand saving
a.Factors influenceconsumptionandsaving:
1.Disposalincome增加(减少),c,s增加(减少);
2.Real interest rate增加(减少),c减少(增加),s增加(减少);
3. Wealth增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加);
4.Expectedfutureincome增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加)
b.Consumption, savingfunctionsP673
c. MPC,MPS, MPI:
MPC+MPS=1,MPI=changesininvestment/changesinrealGDP
2AggregatePlannedExpenditure
a.Autonomousexpenditure:
I,G,X,部分C,M
Inducedexpenditure:
C,M
计算autonomous expenditure:
realGDP=0时的aggregateplanned expenditure
b.AECurveP677
c.Actualaggregateexpenditure= RealGDP
Aggregateplannedexpenditure≠RealGDP(inventories的作用)
Aggregateplannedexpenditure>Real GDP,inventories减少;
Aggregateplanned expenditure<
RealGDP, inventories增加。
d.Equilibriumexpenditure:
Aggregateplannedexpenditure=RealGDP
3Multiplier
Multiplier= changesin equilibriumexpenditure/ changesinautonomous expenditure=△Y/△A
=1/(1-theslopeofAE)
Multiplier>1的原因:
autonomous expenditure的增加会带来realGDP增加,进而增加inducedexpenditure。
当无income tax,imports时,multiplier=1/(1-MPC)=1/MPS
当有incometax,imports时,multiplier<1/(1-MPC),1/MPS
4AS-ADandAggregate expendituremodels
a.veryshortrun(物价不变,SAS水平,P687)
investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移
Multiplier=△Y/ △A
b.shortrun(物价改变,SAS倾斜,P688)
investment增加→AE上移,Real GDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,RealGDP减少
Multiplier会小于当物价不变的情况
c.longrun(物价改变,RealGDP=Potential GDP,P689)
investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,Moneywagerate增加→SAS左移并最终和AD相交回到PotentialGDP水平,AE减少到原水平
Multiplier=0
Chapter29
1.demand-pullinflation(Money WageRate调节)
Aninflation thatstartsbecauseaggregatedemandincreases
ADemand-PullInflationProcess(P703图)
2.cost-pushinflation(An increaseincost:
the money wagerateor themoneypriceofrawmaterials)
A Cost-PushInflationProcess(P705图)
Stagflation:
thecombinationofa risingprice level andadecreasingrealGDP
重点掌握两种类型的图
3.expectedinflation.(作图)
影响AD和AS的因素
4.(重点)short-runPhilipscurve
(Theexpected inflation rate,thenaturalunemployment rate)
当expectedinflation rate=actualinflationrate时,
unemployment rate=naturalunemployment rate
5.(重点)long-runPhilips curve(actualinflation rate=expectedinflationrate)
P209的两个图,short-run和long-run分别怎么变动要掌握
6.businesscycle 的各种理论(了解)
Mainstreambusinesscycletheory,Realbusinesscycle theory
Chapter30fiscalpolicy
1.Fiscalpolicy istheuse ofthefederalbudget toachieve macroeconomicobjectives, suchas fullemployment,sustainedeconomicgrowth,andprice levelstability.
2.Thefederalbudgetisthe annualstatementofthe federal government’soutlaysandtaxrevenues
3.Fiscalpolicyhas important effectson employment, potentialGDP,andaggregate supply—calledsupply-sideeffects.(重点掌握如何作图)
(1)Theeffectsof theincome taxon aggregate supply。
主要看课本Figure30.5的两个图(重点注意taxwedge(税收楔形)
Thesupply-sideeffectof a rise inthe incometaxdecreasespotentialGDPanddecreasesaggregatesupply
Taxes onconsumption expenditureaddtothetaxwedge.
The reason is that ataxon consumptionraisesthepricespaidforconsumption goodsandservicesandis equivalent toa cutinthe real wagerate
(2)theeffectsofatax oncapitalincome(interest)主要看课本上Figure30.6
Ataxdecreases thesupplyofloanablefunds. Andinvestmentandsaving decrease.
Atax wedge isdriven between therealinterestrateandthereal after-taxinterestrate.
(3) TaxRevenuesandtheLafferCurve(拉弗曲线)
Therelationshipbetweenthetaxrateandtheamount oftaxrevenuecollectediscalledtheLaffercurve.见课本Figure 30.7
4.generationalaccounting,fiscalimbalance,generationalimbalance (了解)
5.FiscalStimulus:
Afiscal stimulusistheuseof fiscalpolicytoincreaseproductionand employment主要分为以下两种政策:
Automaticfiscalpolicy (自动稳定的财政政策)isa fiscal policyaction triggeredby thestateof the economy with nogovernment action.
Discretionaryfiscalpolicy(相机抉择的财政政策)isapolicyaction thatisinitiatedbyanactofCongress.
(1)在Automaticfiscalpolicy这一块的知识点中主要掌握结构性平衡和周期性平衡,弄清楚结构性盈余和赤字以及周期性盈余和赤字
Thestructuralsurplus or deficitisthebudgetbalancethatwouldoccur if theeconomywereatfullemploymentandrealGDPwereequaltopotentialGDP.
The cyclicalsurplusordeficitistheactualsurplusordeficitminusthestructuralsurplusordeficit.(主要看课本上Figure30.9)
(2)在Discretionaryfiscalpolicy这一块的知识中主要掌握government expendituremultiplier(政府支出乘数效应)thequantityeffectofachange ingovernment expenditure on real GDP.(要重点掌握如何作图表现这一乘数效应,Figure30.11要特别注意以下几种情况:
:
a.When government expenditureincreasesrealGDP,incomesriseandahigher income bringaincreaseinconsumptionexpenditure .Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceof theincreaseingovernmentexpenditure, themultiplier wouldbe>
1
b.whengovernmentexpenditureincreases,government borrowingincreaseandraisestherealinterestrate.Withthe highercostofborrowing,investmentdecreases, which will partly offsetsthe increase ingovernment spending. If this weretheonlyconsequenceof theincreaseingovernment expenditure,themultiplierwouldbe< 1.
cTheactual multiplier dependsonwhichaboveeffectisstronger.
(3)Thetaxmultiplieristhe quantityeffecta changeintaxesonaggregate demand
Chapter31 Monetary Policy
1、掌握monetary policy的objective
Maximumemployment、Moderatelong-term interestrates、Stableprices(主要目标)
2、如何conduct monetarypolicy?
Fed通过openmarketoperation首先影响federalfundsrate,接着影响interest rate,然后影响quantityofmoney,最后影响aggregatedemand.
注意:
federalfundsrate是bank持有reserve的cost
具体的processoftransmission见书上759
3、Fed如何fightrecession/inflation?
●当经济处于recession的时候,Fed会降低federalfundsrate使得monetarybase增加,从而使得interestrate减少,间接导致plannedexpenditure增加,由于乘数效应,realGDP会增长到potential GDP.
(书上762-763这4个图要掌握)
●当经济处于inflation的时候,Fed会增加Fedfundsrate使得monetarybase减少,从而使得interestrate增加,间接导致plannedexpenditure减少,由于乘数效应,realGDP会减少到potentialGDP.
(书上764-765这4个图要掌握).