表现主义和荒诞派戏剧Word下载.docx

表现主义和荒诞派戏剧Word下载.docx

《表现主义和荒诞派戏剧Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《表现主义和荒诞派戏剧Word下载.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

,whichhecalledExpressionismes.[6]ThoughanalternateviewisthatthetermwascoinedbytheCzecharthistorianAntoninMatějčekin1910,astheoppositeofimpressionism:

"

AnExpressionistwishes,aboveall,toexpresshimself...（anExpressionistrejects）immediateperceptionandbuildsonmorecomplexpsychicstructures...Impressionsandmentalimagesthatpassthroughmentalpeoplessoulasthroughafilterwhichridsthemofallsubstantialaccretionstoproducetheirclearessence[...and]areassimilatedandcondenseintomoregeneralforms,intotypes,whichhetranscribesthroughsimpleshort-handformulaeandsymbols."

[7]

Expressionismisnotoriouslydifficulttodefine,inpartbecauseit"

overlappedwithothermajor'

isms'

ofthemodernistperiod:

withFuturism,Vorticism,Cubism,SurrealismandDada."

[11]RichardMurphyalsocomments:

thesearchforanall-inclusivedefinitionisproblematictotheextentthatthemostchallengingexpressionistssuchasKafka,[Gottfried]BennandDö

blinweresimultaneousthemostvociferous"

anti-expressionists."

[12]

What,however,canbesaid,isthatitwasamovementthatdevelopedintheearlytwentieth-centurymainlyinGermanyinreactiontothedehumanizingeffectofindustrializationandthegrowthofcities,andthat"

oneofthecentralmeansbywhichexpressionismidentifiesitselfasanavante-gardemovement,andbywhichitmarksitsdistancetotraditionsandtheculturalinstitutionasawholeisthroughitsrelationshiptorealismandthedominantconventionsofrepresentation."

[13]Moreexplicitly:

thattheexpressionistsrejectedtheideologyofrealism.[14]

Thetermreferstoan"

artisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnotobjectiverealitybutratherthesubjectiveemotionsandresponsesthatobjectsandeventsarousewithinaperson."

[15]ItisarguablethatallartistsareexpressivebuttherearemanyexamplesofartproductioninEuropefromthe15thcenturyonwardwhichemphasizeextremeemotion.Suchartoftenoccursduringtimesofsocialupheaval,suchastheProtestantReformation,GermanPeasants'

War,EightYears'

War,andSpanishOccupationoftheNetherlands,whentherape,pillageanddisasterassociatedwithperiodsofchaosandoppressionarepresentedinthedocumentsoftheprintmaker.Oftentheworkisunimpressiveaesthetically,[citationneeded]yethasthecapacitytocausetheviewertoexperienceextremeemotionswiththedramaandoftenhorrorofthescenesdepicted.

ExpressionismhasbeenlikenedtoBaroquebycriticssuchasarthistorianMichelRagon[16]andGermanphilosopherWalterBenjamin.[17]AccordingtoAlbertoArbasino,adifferencebetweenthetwoisthat"

Expressionismdoesn'

tshuntheviolentlyunpleasanteffect,whilebaroquedoes.Expressionismthrowssometerrific'

fuckyou'

s,baroquedoesn'

t.Baroqueiswell-mannered."

[18]

AmericanExpressionism[22]andAmericanFigurativeExpressionism,particularlytheBostonfigurativeexpressionism,[23]wereanintegralpartofAmericanmodernismaroundtheSecondWorldWar。

MajorfigurativeBostonExpressionistsincluded:

KarlZerbe,HymanBloom,JackLevine,DavidAronson.TheBostonfigurativeExpressionistspostWorldWarIIwereincreasinglymarginalizedbythedevelopmentofabstractexpressionismcenteredinNewYorkCity.

AfterWorldWarII,figurativeexpressionisminfluencedworldwidealargenumberofartistsandstyles.ThomasB.Hesswrotethat"

the‘Newfigurativepainting’whichsomehavebeenexpectingasareactionagainstAbstractExpressionismwasimplicitinitatthestart,andisoneofitsmostlinealcontinuities."

[24]

NewYorkFigurativeExpressionism[25][26]ofthe1950srepresentedNewYorkfigurativeartistssuchasRobertBeauchamp,ElainedeKooning,RobertGoodnough,GraceHartigan,LesterJohnson,AlexKatz,GeorgeMcNeil（artist）,JanMuller,FairfieldPorter,GregorioPrestopino,LarryRiversandBobThompson.

LyricalAbstraction,Tachisme[27]ofthe1940sand1950sinEuroperepresentedbyartistssuchasGeorgesMathieu,HansHartung,NicolasdeStaë

landothers.

BayAreaFigurativeMovement[28][29]representedbyearlyfigurativeexpressionistsfromtheSanFranciscoareaElmerBischoff,RichardDiebenkorn,andDavidPark.Themovementfrom1950to1965wasjoinedbyTheophilusBrown,PaulWonner,JamesWeeks,HasselSmith,NathanOliveira,BruceMcGaw,JayDeFeo,JoanBrown,ManuelNeri,FrankLobdell,JoanSavoandRolandPeterson.

AbstractExpressionismofthe1950srepresentedAmericanartistssuchasLouiseBourgeois,HansBurkhardt,MaryCallery,NicolasCarone,WillemdeKooning,JacksonPollock,PhilipGuston,andothers[30][31]thatparticipatedwithfigurativeexpressionism.

IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,LyricalAbstractionbeginningduringthelate1960sandthe1970s.CharacterizedbytheworkofDanChristensen,PeterYoung,RonnieLandfield,RonaldDavis,LarryPoons,WalterDarbyBannard,CharlesArnoldi,PatLipskyandmanyothers.[32][33][34]

Neo-expressionismwasaninternationalrevivalstylethatbeganinthelate1970sandincludedartistsfrommanynations:

Literature

TwoleadingExpressionistjournalspublishedinBerlinwereDerSturm,publishedbyHerwarthWaldenstartingin1910,[35]andDieAktion,whichfirstappearedin1911andwaseditedbyFranzPfemfert.DerSturmpublishedpoetryandprosefromcontributorssuchasPeterAltenberg,MaxBrod,RichardDehmel,AlfredDö

blin,AnatoleFrance,KnutHamsun,ArnoHolz,KarlKraus,SelmaLagerlö

f,AdolfLoos,HeinrichMann,PaulScheerbart,andRené

Schickele,andwritings,drawings,andprintsbysuchartistsasKokoschka,Kandinsky,andmembersofDerblaueReiter.Inprose,theearlystoriesandnovelsofAlfredDö

blinwereinfluencedbyExpressionism,[36]andFranzKafkaissometimeslabelledanExpressionist.[37]

OskarKokoschka'

s1909playlet,Murderer,TheHopeofWomenisoftentermedthefirstexpressionistdrama.Init,anunnamedmanandwomanstrugglefordominance.Themanbrandsthewoman;

shestabsandimprisonshim.Hefreeshimselfandshefallsdeadathistouch.Astheplayends,heslaughtersallaroundhim（inthewordsofthetext）"

likemosquitoes."

Theextremesimplificationofcharacterstomythictypes,choraleffects,declamatorydialogueandheightenedintensityallwouldbecomecharacteristicoflaterexpressionistplays.TheGermancomposerPaulHindemithcreatedanoperaticversionofthisplay,whichpremieredin1921.

Expressionismwasadominantinfluenceonearly20th-centuryGermantheatre,ofwhichGeorgKaiserandErnstTollerwerethemostfamousplaywrights.OthernotableExpressionistdramatistsincludedReinhardSorge,WalterHasenclever,HansHennyJahnn,andArnoltBronnen.ImportantprecursorsweretheSwedishplaywrightAugustStrindbergandGermanactoranddramatistFrankWedekind.Duringthe1920s,ExpressionismenjoyedabriefperiodofpopularityinAmericantheatre,includingplaysbyEugeneO'

Neill（TheHairyApe,TheEmperorJonesandTheGreatGodBrown）,SophieTreadwell（Machinal）andElmerRice（TheAddingMachine）.

Expressionistplaysoftendramatisethespiritualawakeningandsufferingsoftheirprotagonists.SomeutiliseanepisodicdramaticstructureandareknownasStationendramen（stationplays）,modeledonthepresentationofthesufferinganddeathofJesusintheStationsoftheCross.AugustStrindberghadpioneeredthisformwithhisautobiographicaltrilogyToDamascus.Thesesplaysalsooftendramatisethestruggleagainstbourgeoisvaluesandestablishedauthority,frequentlypersonifiedbytheFather.InSorge'

sTheBeggar,（DerBettler）,forexample,theyounghero'

smentallyillfatherravesabouttheprospectofminingtherichesofMarsandisfinallypoisonedbyhisson.InBronnen'

sParricide（Vatermord）,thesonstabshistyrannicalfathertodeath,onlytohavetofendoffthefrenziedsexualoverturesofhismother.

InExpressionistdrama,thespeechiseitherexpansiveandrhapsodic,orclippedandtelegraphic.DirectorLeopoldJessnerbecamefamousforhisexpressionisticproductions,oftensetonstark,steeplyrakedflightsofstairs（havingborrowedtheideafromtheSymbolistdirectoranddesigner,EdwardGordonCraig.

AmongthepoetsassociatedwithGermanExpressionismwereGeorgeTrakl,GottfriedBenn,GeorgHeym,ElseLasker-Schü

ler,ErnstStadler,andAugustStramm.T.S.EliothasalsobeenlabeledanExpressionist.[38]

SomefurtherwritersandworksthathavebeencalledExpressionistinclude:

Novelists: