跨文化教材电子参考标准答案1Word格式文档下载.docx

跨文化教材电子参考标准答案1Word格式文档下载.docx

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PartOneWarmUp

Question4

ThisisaCanadianhostfamily（Canadianhusbandontheleft,Russianwifeinthemiddleandtheirsonlefttothemother）hostingstudentsabroad.Fromlefttoright,thereareChinese,Malaysian,JapaneseandSingaporeanwhoareinternationalstudentsinCanada.Thispicturebestillustratestheconceptofglobalvillagewherepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsmeetandevenlivetogetherforwhateverreasons.

PartThreeExercises

SectionAFillingtheBlanks

1.contact2.right3.amazing4.cultural5.assume

6.decades7.characteristics8.viruses9.important10.minimized

SectionDCaseStudies

Case1FindinganInterestedBuyer

Explanations

A.Thiscouldbeanexplanationforwhathappened.However,notenoughinformationwasprovidedtosupportthischoice.Hadhetrulybeeninterestedandthenunexpectedlydetainedbyimportantbusinessmatters,itismostlikelythatMr.Liwouldhaveleftadditionalinstructionssuggestinganewtimetomeetoramethodofcontact.Thereisabetteralternative.

B.Thisisaninaccurategeneralization.Althoughtimeconceptsvaryacrossnationalborders,businesspeopleinChinaaregenerallyasdependableasthoseintheUnitedStateanddependabilityisconsideredavirtueinChinesesociety.IfMr.LibelievedthathehadsetafirmappointmentwithGeorge,hewouldhavebeenattheappointedplace,andhewouldhavebeenontime.

C.Thisisthebestanswer.Therearetwoimportantculturalaspectsatworkinthisinteraction.Thefirstistheissueofdirectness.InmanysituationswhereAmericanstendtopreferdirectness,theChineseareusuallymorecomfortablewithindirectnessandambiguity.Thesecondistheconceptof“face”.Havingfacemeansthatoneisingoodstandingwithothersvis-à

-vis（面对）hisorherobligationtopeers,subordinates,andsuperiorsandismaintainingharmonyinsocietyasawhole.Itisimportanttopreserveone’sfaceand,asmuchaspossible,thefaceofothers. 

AChinesepersonwouldhaverecognizedthatMr.LiwasclearlynotinterestedinGeorge’sproductsatall.Hehadindicatedhislackofinterestbysayingthathewasbusy.However,Georgefailedtopickupthesignal.Insteadofsaying“Iamnotinterested”directly,Mr.Lichoseamorepoliteway,accordingtoChineseculturalnorms,toconveythismessagetoGeorge.Mr.LididnotwanttotellGeorge“no”directlyandcauseGeorgetoloseface（becausehisproductswererejected）.Byfailingtosetadefinitetimeforafollow-upmeetingandbyonlyhalf-agreeingtothespecificsthatGeorgewaspressingonhim,Mr.Liwassaying,innouncertainterms（直截了当地）,thathewasnotinterestedinpursuingthematter.Georgedidn’thavetheculturalsensitivitytointerpretMr.Li’sresponsecorrectly.

D.Thisisnotagoodexplanation.Mr.Lididn’tshowanyinterestintheexchange.Georgewastheonewhoshowedalotofenthusiasm.

E.Thisisatruestatement.However,itdoesn’tapplytothesituationdescribedintheincident.Thiswasatradeshow,wherecompaniescouldestablishinitialcontactsandintroducenewproducts.Therefore,GeorgereallyhadnochancetodeveloparelationshipoftrustwithMr.Li,whowasobviouslynotimpressedbyGeorge’sinitialapproach.

Case2UnderstandingtheCulturalBackground

Explanation

TheinsurancesaleswomancouldarguethatthepeopleshedealswithareintheUnitedStatesandtherefore,shouldadapttoAmericanpractices;

however,withthatattitudeshewouldnotreachhercustomers,whoarefromEastAsiancountries.Theresultwouldhavebeenasevererestrictionofherbusinesspractice.Instead,herabilitytocommunicateinaforeignlanguageandatthesametimeunderstandtheculturalbackgroundofherclientelemakeshersuccessful.

UNIT2HumanBehaviorandCulture

1.participation2.how3.speak4.isolated5.Bible

6.behavior7.cultural8.association9.indirectly10.develop

SectionBSolvingtheCulturePuzzle

Explanation

Somewouldcallthischeating;

whileWanginthiscasecallsithelpingafriend.Foronething,hemaynotwantHassantofeelembarrassedbydoingpoorlyonthetest.Avoidingshame—especiallypublicembarrassment—isaparamountChinesevirtue.Foranother,Wangwantstobecooperative:

inthiscase,hewillhelpHassan;

inanothercase,perhapsHassanwillhelphim.Inthatway,thetwoofthemfacelife’schallengestogetherandfareratherbetterthaneachmightonhisown.WhatpurposeistobeservedbyWangkeepingwhatheknowstohimselfwhenhecouldhelpsomeoneelsebysharingit?

Forherpart,Anderson,nodoubt,seesthistestasachancetofindoutwhatHassanandWangknow.IfHassandoesn’tknowverymuchaboutthesubject,thistestwillmotivatehimtogobackandlearn,whichwillonlybetohisbenefitinthefuture;

thatis,atsomepointdowntheroadHassanmayneedthisinformation,andifhedoesn’tknow,towhomishegoingtoturn?

Noticetheassumptionherethatintheendeachofusultimatelyhasonlyourownselftorelyon,whichHassanwouldnotunderstandinthiscase.Self-reliancemaybeakeyvalueinoneculture,buttheChineseviewwouldbethatyouwouldalwayshaveyourprimarygroup（familyorintimatefriends）toturntoifyouneededhelp,justasfamilyandfriendscanalwaysdependonyouiftheyneedhelp.Thephrase“Tostandonyourowntwofeet”doesn’tresonateinmanycultures.

Case1InorOut?

JapanesecultureissimilarinmanywaysasChineseculturesuchasbodylanguageandindirectwayofrefusal.Itisakindofvirtuetorefusethefirstofferwhetheritisagiftormarriageproposal.SawadamayapplythissamesocialruletothegirlfromHollandwhichhasaverydifferentculturalnorm.

Case2SharingtheWealth

AnimportantvalueorientationinChinesecultureistheconceptof“insider”and“outsider”.Usually,Chinesepeoplewillshowhighenthusiasmandclosenessto“insiders”andtrytheirbesttogivehelp.Meanwhile,theywillbecoldtowardsstrangerswhoareconsideredas“outsiders”.SothecommonphenomenoninChinaisthatifonewhobelongstoadifferentcommunityneedshelp,heorshemustfirsttrytoestablisharelationshipwiththemandbecomeoneofthecommunity’s“insiders”,since“insiders”areexpectedtohelpeachotherinfaceofobstaclesanddifficulties.ThisisoneofthereasonswhyChineseareunwillingtosharetheirmaterialswith“outsiders”.

UNIT3CommunicationandCulture

1.communication2.extent3.establish4.express5.material

6.environment7.influence8.messages9.symbols10.similar

Case1FirstNameorLastName?

Itisbecausetheyhavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.ThereisatendencyinAmericanbusinesscirclestopreferclose,friendly,egalitarian（平等的）relationshipsinbusinessengagements.Thissystemofsymmetricalsolidarity（一致）isoftenexpressedintheuseofgiven（or“first”）namesinbusinessencounters.Mr.RichardsonfeelsmostcomfortableinbeingcalledAndy,andhewouldliketocallMr.Chubyhisfirstname.Atthesametime,hewishestoshowconsiderationoftheculturaldifferencesbetweenthembyavoidingMr.Chu’swesternname,David.HissolutiontothisculturaldifferenceistoaddressMr.Chubythegivennameheseesonthebusinesscard,Hon-fai.

Mr.Chu,ontheotherhand,prefersaninitialbusinessrelationshipofsymmetricaldeference（尊敬）.HewouldfeelmorecomfortableiftheycalledeachotherMr.ChuandMr.Richardson.Nevertheless,whenhewasawayatschoolinNorthAmericahelearnedthatAmericansfeeluncomfortablecallingpeopleMr.forextendedperiodoftime.Hissolutionwastoadaptawesternname.HechoseDavidforuseinsuchsituations.

WhenMr.RichardsoninsistsonusingMr.Chu’sChinesegivenname,Hon-fai,Mr.Chufeelsuncomfortable.Thenameisrarelyusedbyanyone,infact.WhatMr.RichardsondoesnotknowisthatChinesehavearathercomplexstructureofnameswhichdependsuponsituationsandrelationships,whichincludesschoolnames,intimateandfamilybabynames,andevenwesternnames,eachofwhichisusedjustbythepeoplewithwhomapersonhasacertainrelationship.Isolatingjustthegivenname,Hon-fai,isrelativelyunusualandtohearhimselfcalledthisbyastrangermakesMr.Chufeelquiteuncomfortable.Hisreaction,whichisalsoculturallyconditioned,istosmile.

Unfortunately,Mr.RichardsonisnotawarethatonemeansofexpressingacuteembarrassmentforMr.Chuistosmile.WhilewithinNorthAmericanculturethereisconsciousnessofwhatmightbecalled“nervouslaughter”,thereisageneralexpectationthatasmilecanbetakenasadirectexpressionofpleasureorsatisfaction.Mr.RichardsonmisinterpretsMr.Chu’sembarrassmentasagreementorevenpleasureattheirfirstencounter,andasaresult,hegoesawayfromtheencounterunawarenessoftheextenttowhichhehascomplicatedtheirinitialintroduction.

Wecanseefromtheabovecase,cultureplaysaveryimportantroleinthecommunicationbetweenthesetwomen.Thougheveryonehasauniquestyleofcommunication,culturedeterminesageneralstyleforitsmembers.Wearenotalwaysawareofthesubtleinfluencesofourculture.Likewise,wemaynotperceivethatothersareinfluencedbytheirculturesaswell.

Case2FriendsWereFriendsForever?

Intheabovecase,neitherYasernorSteveistobeblamedfortheirrelationship.ThereasonwhyYaserfeltcon