红字英语SexloveandreligioninTheScarletLetter文档格式.docx

红字英语SexloveandreligioninTheScarletLetter文档格式.docx

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Bachelor’sThesis

论文题目

Sex,loveandreligioninTheScarletLetter

作者

***

指导教师

王松槐

所在院系

外国语学院

专业名称

师英语

完成时间

2012年3月12日

Abstract:

TheScarletLettertoldusatragicromanticstorythathappenedinBoston,Americain1620s.TheMasterDimmesdaleandtheyoung,beautifulHesterfellinlovewitheachotherandhaveababy,whichagainstthePuritan’sethics,asaresult,Hesterwaspublishedbyputtingonascarlet“A”,thefirstletterofAdultery,onhercolpusforever.Later,herhusbandarrivedandwasdeterminedtoschemeasetofplotstorevengethem.Attheendofthestory,DimmesdalestoodoutwithHesterandPearltoadmithissinanddiedofexhaustion,andChillingworthalsodiedoneyearlater,whileHesterandpearlhaveaparativelygoodending.AfterHesterdied,peopleengravedascarlet“A”onhertombstone.Theauthorwasgoodatsymbolismandpsychologicaldescription.Thenovelexposesustothecrueltyandhypocrisyincolonialsocietyofunificationofthestateandchurch,anditalsothinkaboutthesin,moralityandphilosophy.

摘要：

《红字》向我们讲述了一个发生在1620年左右的波士顿的一个爱情悲剧，丁梅斯戴尔牧师和年轻貌美的海斯特彼此相爱并且有了孩子，然而，他们的相爱违背了清教的伦理道德，因此，海斯特被罚永远在胸前佩戴那个代表“通奸（Adultery）”的鲜红的大写首字母“A”。

后来，她的丈夫来了并且决定策划一系列阴谋来报复她和牧师。

在故事的结尾，丁梅斯戴尔和海斯特、珠儿一起站出来承认他的罪行然后心力交瘁而死，齐灵沃斯一年后也死了，海斯特和珠儿有一个相对较好的的结局。

海斯特死后，人们在她的墓碑上刻了一个鲜红的“A”字。

作者擅长用象征手法和心理描写，小说暴露了政教合一体制下殖民地社会的残酷和虚伪，还思考了关于罪恶和人性的道德、哲理问题。

Keywords:

Calvinism,Puritanism,adultery,sex,morality,asceticism,atonement

关键字：

加尔文主义，清教主义，通奸，性，道德，禁欲主义，救赎

Outline

1.PuritanismandtheinfluenceofCalvinismP4

1.1Calvinism

1.1.1Origin

1.1.2Beliefs

1.1.3Itsinfluence

1.2PuritanismP4

1.2.1Origin

1.2.2Beliefs

1.2.3PuritansinAmerica

2.NathanielHawthorneP6

2.1Introduction

2.1.1Hisfamily

2.1.2Hischildhood

2.2Somementsonhim

3.RolesinthenovelP7

3.1Meaningoftheirnames

4.FightbetweensoulandreligionP8

4.1Thesign--A

4.2Themeaningoftheirnames

4.2.1PerspectiveofHester

4.2.2PerspectiveofDimmesdale

4.2.3PerspectiveofPearl

4.3Humannatureandreligiousdogmas

4.3.1Sex,loveagainstasceticism

4.4Theinfluenceofreligion

5.ConclusionP10

1.PuritanismandtheinfluenceofCalvinism

1.1.1Origin

In1520s,ReligiousReformationwasstartedfromGermanandthenquicklyspreadinthewholeEurope.In1517,MartinLuther,aGermanprofessoroftheology,putup“95Thesis”onthechurchdoorinprotestagainstabusesandcorruptioninthechurch.HearguedthatPopehadnorightstosell“indulgences”fortheremissionofsins.TheonlyguidetothewillofGodwastheBible.SoonafterMartinLutherbeganhisrevolt,JohnCalvin,aFrenchman,whostronglyprotestedthecorruptedRomanCatholicChurchandwasprosecutedbythem,sohefledtoSwitzerlandandstartedhisreformmovement.CalvinismwasnamedforCalvinandwasoriginatedinSwitzerlandanddevelopedinthewestEurope.ItgreatlyinfluencedtheReligiousReformationinEurope.

Calvinismhasfivemainpoints.Totalinability,theybelievethathumanwasbornwithsin.Unconditionalelection,theythinkhumanbeingsarepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomeareGod’schosenpeoplewhileothersarepredestinedtobedamnedtohell.Limitedatonement,Jesus’crossispreparedforthepredestined,butnoteveryone.Perseveranceofthesaints,ifyouhavegainedtheGod’sgrace,Godwillkeepyouinhismind.InEngland,KingHenryVIII,becauseofthepoliticaldisputeswithRomanCatholicChurchandhispersonalmaritalproblems,brokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurchandsetuptheChurchofEngland,andhebecametheheadoftheChurchofEnglandhimself.Theirreligiousreformshadmuchinmonandliberatedpeople’smindsfromtherigidRomanCatholicChurchinsomeextend,butitalsobecamerigidandlimitedlatterly.

1.1.3Itsinfluence

ItgreatlyinfluencedtheReligiousReformationinEurope.TheythinkBibleisthesupremeauthorityofbeliefandlive.TheyaimedtoconverttotheoriginalChristianreligiousdoctrineandrigorouslyruledtheirchurch,itavoidedthechaosofchurchandbringgospeltoEurope.Atthebeginningof17thcentury,theybelievedthatthedegenerationofsoulwasmoreseriousthanthephysicaldiseases,sotheymadeaseriesofdoctrinestobrainwashchildren’smind.

1.2Puritanism

PuritancamefromtheLatinword,Purus,meanscleanness.ThenamewasgiventothosemoreradicalprotestantswhothoughtthereligiousreformationinEnglandhadn’tbroughtsufficientjustice,becausealthoughHenryVIIIsetuphisownchurch,buttherewasnoreforminreligiousbeliefsandpractices,soagroupofpeoplethoughtthattheChurchofEnglandwastoocatholicandwantedto“purify”thechurch,hence,thename“puritans”.ThesepuritanswereProtestantswhofollowedthedoctrinepreachedbyJohnCalvin.

TheyhadsomedifferentreligiousbeliefsfromtheCatholicChurch.TheybelievedthatGodwasinprehensibletoman,andthepowerofGodwasall-knowing,yethiddenandunknowntoman,whileCatholicsbelievedthatGodcouldbereachthroughhisrepresentativeontheearth—thePope.Puritansbelievedthateveryonehadacalling,whichwasgivenbyGod.Thesuccessofone’sworkortheprosperityinhiscallingwasthesignofGod’select.Thereforeeveryonemustworkhard,spendlittleandinvestformorebusiness.Workinghardandlivingamorallifeweretheirethics.TheyconcludedthattheBiblewastheauthorityoftheirdoctrine.

AfterJamesbeingtheKingofEnglandin1603,theleaderofPuritansaskedhimtomakesomereforms,butmostoftherequestswererejectedinHamptonCourtMeetingin1604.Later,thePuritanisminEnglandwasbeingmoreandmorepressedanditsbeliefswerehereticaltotheChurchofEngland,sotheywerecruellypersecuted.SomePuritansdecidedtomovetoHollandwheretherewasreligiousfreedom,butlatertheyfoundtheycouldn’tgetasequaltherightsofthenativepeople.Theydecidedtomoveagain.In1620,35Puritansand67non-PuritanstooktheshipMayflowerforNorthAmericaandtheysettledinMassachusetts,andBoston.

PerryMillersaid:

"

IfwecannotunderstandPuritanism,wecannotunderstandAmerica"

.ProfessorZuoJinmeielaboratedthePuritanisminherbookAmericanLiterature.

ShelistedsomePuritans’goodcharactersthatdogoodfortheeducationandsocialreform,suchasindependence,morality,enthusiasmanddemocracy.First,theybelieveoriginalsinandfatalism.TheyadvocatetherespectandobediencetoGod.Theythinkhumannatureisevilandwearebornwithsin.BecauseofthegreatinfluenceofCalvinism,theyfirmlybelievefate.Second,theybelievewhatthemostimportantthingforanordinarymanistoprovehimselftheGod’selection,sotheythinktheyareresponsibleformanagerthegovernmentaffairsandworkhard,restrainthemselveswithstrictmoralrules,sotheAmericansareenthusiasticofelections.Third,theyadvocateindividualismandentrepreneurship,whichhavegreatlystimulatedthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Theyhaveahighsenseofmissionandstrongdesireforsuccess,andmostofthemdaretoexploretheunknown.WecanseethischaracterfromtheAmericanDream,whichmeansequalityandfreedomandattractalargenumberofyoungpeopletomaketheirfortuneinthisnewland.Americansareambitiousandoptimisticabouttheirworkandwork.ThewomeninAmericanareveryindependentandmostofthemhavetheirowncareer.Americansattributetheirprosperityandrichnesstothesemerits.

2.NathanielHawthorne

HawthornewasborninSalemTown,Massachusetts,thebasecampofPuritans.HisfamilynamewasHathorne.HisfamilywasgentlefolkandhisforefatherswerecrazyPuritans.It’ssaidthathisfifthforefatherJohnHathornewasoneofthethreejudgersinthenotoriouscaseofdrivingwizardofSalemin1692whichhadbeenrecordedinthebookTheSalemWitch.ThisincidentmadeadeepimpressiononlittleHawthorn’sheartandhefeltshamefulforhisforefather.“Atallevents,I,thepresentwriter,astheirrepresentative,herebytakeshameuponmyselffortheirsakes,andpraythatanycurseincurredbythem—asIhaveheard,andasthedrearyandunprosperousconditionoftherace,formanyalongyearback,wouldarguetoexist—maybenowandhenceforthremoved.”,hesaidinTheCustom-House

.Becauseofthesenseofguilty,headdeda“A”inhisnameandmadeitHawthornetodifferfromhisforefathers.NowitiseasytounderstandwhyHawthorneinclinedtowritingstoriesaboutsin.

2.1.2hischildhood

Hisfamilywasbeingdecliningwhenhewasachild.In1808,hewasonly4yearsoldandhisfatherdiedofdiseaseinDutchGuiana,soheandtwosistershadtolivewithhismotherinhisuncle’shome.Whenhewasnine,hebrokehislegandleftsequela,whichmadehimfeelinferior,soheindulgedhimselfinbooksanddeterminedtobeawriter.Hesaid,“Idon’twanttobeadoctorandlivebymen’sdisease,noraminstertolivebytheirsins,noralawyertolivebytheirquarrels.So,Idon’tseethatthereisanythingleftformebuttobeaauthor.”Obviously,thedecliningfamily,hisfather’sdeathandbrokenleghadgreatinfluenceonshapinghischaracter.Afterhisfather’sdeath,hismotherfeltverylonelyandunwillingtomunicatewithother.Likehismother,healsohadasenseoflonelinessanditalwaysacpaniedhimandexistedeverywhereinhisnovels.

“Therecouldbenomoreperfectworkofthe