如何写英语议论文文档格式.docx

如何写英语议论文文档格式.docx

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1）Inductivereasoning

Startwithfactsandproceedfromfactstoageneralconclusion.Thatismovingfromspecficexamplestoageneralstatement.

2）Deductivereasoning

Itmovesfromageneralstatementtoaspecificconclusion.

（四）Clearlogic

Atypicalargumentativeessayconsistsofthreeparts:

anintroductionwhichindentiestheissuetobediscussedandexplainstheimportanceofsuchaconclusioninwhichtheproposition,ifitisstatedatthebeginning,isreaffirmed.

（五）Gooduseoftheotherthreetypesofwriting

description,narration,andespeciallythevariousmethodsofexposition.

（六）Anhonestandfriendlyattitude

Adomineeringorhostiletonecouldonlyraisedoubtsaboutgoodfaithandimpairthecredibilityofargument,whereasanhonestandfriendlyattitudewillhelpwinthetrustofthereaders.Avoidoveruseofsuchwordsandphrasesas“perhaps”,“maybe”,“sometimes”,“mostoften”,“nearlyalways”,“Ithink”,or“inmyopinion”,whichinvariablyweakentheforceofargument.

三．Thebasicprocessofwritingargumentation

大学英语议论文写作的基本过程通常按照提出问题，分析问题，解决问题这三个步骤来进行。

其结构大致可由引论，本论，结论构成，称“三段式”作文。

以下按三部分对其进行分述：

A．引论部分

在引论部分，也就是文章的开头段，提出问题，阐明中心论点，陈述议论的主要内容。

好的开头既要使文章能够顺利展开，有要引人入胜，抓住读者，激发他们读下去的愿望。

引论的写法可以多种多样，但基本上有三种：

第一种是“开门见山”，点明主题，揭示全篇的主要内容。

比如一篇题为“AdvantagesofEuthanasia”（安乐死的好处）一文的引论：

IthasbeensaidthateuthanasiaisquietlybeingpractisedinsomeurbanareasofChina,despitealackoflegalprotectionforthedeathoption.Inmyopinion,itisrighttoexercisemercykilling.

从这个开头段不难看出，全文将阐述“为什么实行安乐死是对的”。

第二种是直接交代写作的目的。

读者就会轻易而直接地掌握要论述的主要内容。

比如一篇为“PleasureinReading”（读书的乐趣）一文的引论：

Ienjoyreadingverymuch.QuiteoftenagoodbookmayabsorbmyattentionsocompletelythatforthetimebeingIforgetmysurroundingsandevenmyself.Ithinkreadingcanoffermecertainpleasuresthatreallifecannotdo.

该引论部分交代的写作目的是论述读书能够给人们提供现实世界里无法得到的乐趣。

第三种是用设问的方式点明主题，揭示全文内容，激发读者读下去，探个究竟。

比如一篇为“Brain-drain”（人才外流）一文的引论：

People’sDailyreportsthatmorethan70,000Chinesestudentsandscholarsarenowstudyingabroadwithstillmorereadytogo.Peopleareworriedaboutthemuchpublicizedbraindrain-themassmigrationofgiftedpeopletodevelopedcountries.Whathascausedthebraindrain?

本开头段提出的问题是：

是什么原因引起人才外流呢？

B．本论部分

本论部分，即文章的主体段是开始转入正文，组织论证，进行深入分析，探讨问题，论证中心论点的过程。

比如下面题为“OnFindinginBooks”主体段：

Bookscanbemoreenjoyablethananyotherformofpleasure.Frombooksthereaderenjoystheexperienceofbeinginanotherworld.Whileonereads,oneforgetsthatoneisone’sownroom.ThebookhasservedasamagiccarpettotakeonetoIndia,orAfrica,orSweden,oreventothecitiesandareasofone’sowncountrywhereonehasneverbeen.Ithasalsotransportedoneintothelivesofpeoplewithdifferentexperiencesandproblems,fromwhichonecanlearntosolveone’sownproblemsofthefutureandlearnwhatitisliketobeacompleteadult.Frombookstheyoungreadercanbecomeevenmorematureandchangeone’swholepointofview.Whilereading,oneunderstandsthatdifferentcultureshaveverydifferentconceptionsaboutwhatisrightandwrong,inparticularaboutsomebeliefsandcustoms,butthatpeoplehavethesameproblemsallovertheworld,namelytheproblemoffindingone’splaceinsociety.Booksfascinatethereaderbecausewhileoneislearningaboutotherpeopleandtheirproblems,particularylyabouttheproblemofbecomingafullmemberofsociety,oneisalsolearningaboutone’sownproblems.

该主体段运用类比法和例证法论述了读书的乐趣，向读者证明其中心论点“bookscanmakeyoufindyourselfandbecomeafuiimemberofsociety.”（读书能够帮助你发现自己并且使你成为一个成熟的社会成员）的正确性.

C结论部分

在结论部分，即文章的结果。

结尾收得好，可收到“言有尽而意无穷”的效果。

因此，好的结尾，既要帮助读者对议论的内容有全面，深刻，明确的认识，又要使读者得到启发。

结论的方式灵活多样，常用的有三种：

一是用总结全文的方式强调，概括全文，将论证加以归纳，突出中心。

比如上面提到的“AdvantagesofEuthanasia”一文的结论：

Fromthediscussabove,itcanbeconcludedthateuthanasiaishumanebecauseithelpstohastenthedeathofterminallyillpatients,andtherewillcomeatimewheneuthanasialikebirthcontrolisrecognizedbyallasaproductofcivilizationdevelopment.

二是用启发的方式结束全文，起着给读者以启迪与思考的作用。

比如一篇题为“Shyness-anObstacletoOne’sSuccess”一文的结论：

Aseachofusisanindividual,webehaveinourownpersonalways.Thebetterweunderstandourselves,theeasieritbecomestoliveuptpourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforasuccessfullife.

三是在本论部分对问题做出透彻的分析后，在结论部分提出措施或解决的办法，使读者明确解决问题的途径。

比如一篇题为“DroppingOut”一文的结论：

Thesolutionmightbeencouragestudentstobecomefamiliarwiththeworldofworkwhiletheyarestillinschool.Manystudentswouldprofitfromcurrentplansthatallowthemtocombineschoolandwork.Studentswouldworkparttime.Theywouldbegivenacademiccreditforworkexperience.Inturn,theirexperienceonthejobwouldhelpthemseehowthingstheschoolhastoofferarevaluabletosomeonestartingacareer.

上述引论，本论，结论的顺序安排只是就理论写作的一般情况而言。

在实际写作中，文章结构的方式是灵活多变的。

但是，提出问题－分析问题－解决问题是写引论文应遵循的基本规律。

四．典型句子

（一）用于驳斥和比较的常用句子

1.Ingeneral,Idon’tagreewith…

2.Inmyopinion,thispointofviewdoesn’tholdwater.

3.Thechiefreasonwhy…isthat…

4.Thereisnodoubtthat…

5.Itisnottrue…

6.Itcanbeeasilydeniedthat…

7.Wehavenoreasontobelievethat…

8.Whatismoreseriousisthat…

9.Butitisapitythat…

10.Besides,weshouldnotnegletthat…

11.Buttheproblemisnotsosimple.Therefore,…

12.Othersmayfindthistobetrue,butIbelievethat…

13.PerhapsIwillquestionwhy…

14.Thereisacertainamountoftruthinthis,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto…

15.Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith…but…

16.Whatseemstobethetroubleis…

17.Yetdifferenceswillbefound,that’swhyIfeelthat…

18.Itwouldbereasonabletotaketheviewthat…,butitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthat…

19.Thereisinfactnoreasonforustobelievethat…

20.Whatthesepeoplefailtoconsideristhat…

（二）解释原因，分析影响的常用句子

1.Everybodyknowsthat…

2.Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…

3.Itistruethat…

4.Onethingwhichisequallyimportanttotheabovementionedis…

5.Thechiefreasonisthat…

6.Wemustrecognizethat…

7.Thereisnotdoubtthat…

8.Iamoftheopinionthat…

9.Thiscanbeexpressedasfollowed:

10.Totake…forexample…

11.Wehavereasontobelievethat…

12.Nowthatweknowthat…

13.Amongthemostconvincingreasonsgives,oneshouldbementioned…

14.Thechangein…largelyresultsfromthefactsthat…

15.Perhapstheprimaryreason…

16.Itischieflyresponsiblefor…

17.Somebodybelieves/agrees/holds/insists/thinksthat…

18.Differentpeopleobservesitindifferentways.

19.Itisnotsimpletogivethereasonforthiscomplicatedphenomenon…

（三）有关文章和段落结尾的常用短语及句型

1.Astheproverbsays…

2.Currently,thereisawidespreadconcernover…

3.Itisquiteclearthatbecause…

4.Manypeopleoftenasksuchquestion…

5.Recentlytheissueofhasbeenbroughttopublicattention…

6.Nowadays,aheateddebateabout…

7.Onegreatmansaidthat…

8.Asthepublicawarenessof…

9.Recently,extensivestudiesshowthat…

10.Thesedaysweoftentoldthat…,butisthisreallythecase?

11.Therearethreemajorvaluesof…

12.Therearesomereasonsfor…

13.Nowanincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…

14.Therearethreebasicdifferencebetween…

15.Therearevariouswaystodosomething…

16.Nowitiscommonlyheldthat…,butIdoubtwhether…

17.Facedwith…,quiteafewpeoplearguethat…,butotherpeopleconceivedifferently.

（四）有关文章和段落结尾的常用短语及句型

1.Without…,itwouldbedifficulttoimaginemodernlife.

2.Fromthispointofview,wecansee…

3.Weshouldredoubleoureffortsto…

4.Weshoulddoourbestineliminating…

5.Inaword…

6.Itisimperativeforustotakeeffectivemeasurestocorrectthesituation

7.Itisimperativeforus…

8.Thus…,thisisthereasonwhywemust…

9.Thereisnoimmediatesolutiontotheproblem…of…,butmightbehelpful.

10.Theproblemisnot;

theproblemis…

11.Itishightimethatweputconsiderableemphasison…

12.Inshort,…arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto…

13.Toconclude…

14.Letusworkhandinhandto…

15.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…

（五）用于论证和说明的常用短语与句型

1.Asitisdescribedthat…

2.Ithasbeenillustratedthat…

3.Itprovidesagoodexampleof…

4.Wemayciteanotherinstanceof…

5.Historymayprovidesuswiththeexamplesof…

6.Anumberoffurtherfactsmaybeadded…

7.Thesituationisnotunique,itistypicalofdozensIhaveheard.

8.Arecentinvestigationindicatesthat…

9.Accordingtothestatisticsprovided…

10.Accordingtoalateststudy,itcanbepredicted…

11.Thereisnosufficientevidencetoshowthat…

12.Allavailableevidencepointstothefactthat…

13.Examplesgivenleadmetoconcludethat…

14.Itrevealstheunquestionablefactthat…

15.Theideamaybeprovedbyfacts…

五.常用过渡词语

（一）文章及