英语演讲选修课教案informativespeechI教学内容Word文件下载.docx

英语演讲选修课教案informativespeechI教学内容Word文件下载.docx

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II．Testimony

*TipsforUsingtestimony

III．Statistics

Tipsforusingstatistics

Iv.#Samplespeechwithcommentary

Teachinggoals

Getstudentstoknowhowtouseexamples,testimonyandstatisticseffectivelytobackupthespeech.

Assignment

Whatarethefourtipsforusingexamplesinyourspeech?

Explainthedifferencebetweenexperttestimonyandpeertestimony.

Supportingyourideas

HeatherKolpindecidedtogiveherfirstclassroomspeechonthebenefitsofgoodnutrition.Adedicatedfitnessenthusiast,shehadrecentlyswitchedtoahigh-proteindiet.Partofherspeechranlikethis:

“Foryearswe’vebeentoldthatmeat,eggs,andcheesearebadforusandthatweshouldeatmorecarbohydrateslikecereal,grains,pasta,andrice.Buttoomanycarbohydratescanunbalancethebodyandmakeyoutiredandoverweight.Doyouwantmoreenergy?

Doyouwanttoconcentratebetterandgethighergrades?

Doyouwanttoenjoyrealmealsandstilllosethoseunsightlypounds?

Ifso,youshouldeatmoreprotein.I’vebeenonahigh-proteindietforsixmonths,andI’veneverfeltbetterordonebetterinmyclasses!

”

Afterthespeech,Heather’sclassmateswereinterestedbutskeptical.Asoneremarked，“Iknowhigh-proteindietsarepopularrightnow,butHeatherisnoexpertonnutrition.Besides,therearelotsofdietsaround,andtheyallclaimtoworkwonders.Personally,I’dbemoreconvincedifHeathergavesomescientificevidencetobackupheropinion.”

Goodspeechesarenotcomposedofhotairandgeneralizations.Theyneedstrongsupportingmaterialstobolsterthespeaker’spointofview.InHeather’scase,althoughthereisplentyofevidenceontheneedtobalanceproteinandcarbohydrateconsumption,manynutritionistshavewarnedaboutthedangersofoverloadingonprotein.SoHeather’slistenerswererighttobeskeptical.Heathermadeamistakeofgeneralizingfromherownexperiencewithnothingconcretetosupportherideas.

Theproblemwithgeneralizationsisthattheydonotanswerthethreequestionslistenersalwaysmentallyaskofaspeaker:

“Whatdoyoumean?

”,“WhyshouldIbelieveyou?

”“Sowhat?

Theskillfuluseofsupportingmaterialsoftenmakesthedifferencebetweenapoorspeechandagoodone.Usingsupportingmaterialsisnotamatteroftossingfactsandfiguresintoyourspeech.Youmustdecidewhichideasneedtobesupportedgivenyouraudience,topic,andspecificpurposes.Youmustdoresearchtofindmaterialsthatwillbringyourideasacrossclearlyandcreatively.Andyoumustevaluateyoursupportingmaterialstomakesuretheyreallydobackupyourideas.

Asyouputyourspeechestogether,youwillneedtomakesureyoursupportingmaterialsareaccurate,relevant,andreliable.Youwillfindyourselfaskingsuchquestionsas,“Aremyexamplesrepresentative?

”，“AmIquotingreputable,qualifiedsources?

Therearethreekindsofsupportingmaterialsweusemostoften,theyare:

examples,testimonyandstatistics

I．Examples

Examples：

aspecificcaseusedtoillustrateortorepresentagroupofpeople,ideas,conditions,experiencesorthelike.

Inthecourseofaspeechyoumayusebriefexamples—specificinstancesreferredtoinpassing—andsometimesyoumaywanttogiveseveralbriefexamplesinarowtocreateastrongerimpression.Extendedexamples—oftencalledillustrations,narratives,oranecdotes—arelongerandmoredetailed.

Examplesareusefulwhenyouwishtomakeanabstractconceptorideaconcrete.Forexample,itisdifficultfortheaudiencetoseeexactlywhatyoumeanbysuchabstractconceptsaspersecution,denialoffreedom,friendship,andloveunlessyouprovidespecificexamplesofwhatyoumean.

Hereisoneexampleastudentusedinaspeechaboutleadpoison.

‘WhenDeniseWaddleandherfamilymovedtoanice,middle-classsectionofJerseyCity,NewJersey,theyhaddreamsofhealthyliving,blockparties,evenabigbackyardsotheirkidcouldmakemudpies.Inlessthanoneyearintheirnewhome,theirtwo-year-oldsonhadbeenpoisoned,andtheirnewbornshowedhighlevelsofpoisoninginhisbloodstream.Unknowingly,theWaddle’shadbeenpoisonedbytheirownbackyard,forhighlevelsofleadcontaminatedtheirwaterandtheirlives.”

Examplesmayberealandfactualononehandorhypotheticalandimaginedontheother.Thehypotheticalandimaginedonesarecalledhypotheticalexamples.

Hypotheticalexample:

anexamplethatdescribesanimageryorfictitioussituation

Hereisonestudentusedahypotheticalexampletoillustratetheneedforcollegestudentstoprotectthemselvesagainstcrime:

You’retired;

you’rehungry.You’vejustspentalongdayatCollegeLibraryandyoucannotwaittogetbacktoyourroom.Glancingoutside,yourememberhowquicklyitbecomesdark.Youdon’tthinkmuchofit,though,asyoubundleupandheadoutintothegustywind.Notuntilyouspytheshadowsonthesidewalkorheartheleavesrustlingbesideyoudoyouwishyouweren’talone.Youwalkquickly,tryingtostopyourimaginationfromthinkingofmurderersandrapists.Onlywhenyouaresafelyinsideyourroomdoyourelaxandtrytostopyourheartfrompoundingoutofyourchest.

Canyourememberatimewhenyoufeltthisway?

Iwouldbesurprisedifyouneverhave.TheFBIreportedlastyearthattherewerethreemurders,approximately430aggravatedassaults,1400burglaries,and80rapeshereinMadisonalone.Andwhilethesestatisticsarequitealarming,theydon’tcomparetothenumbersoflargermetropolitanareas.

Thishypotheticalexampleisparticularlyeffective.Thespeakercreatesarealisticscenario,relatesitdirectlytoherlisteners,andgetstheminvolvedinthespeech.Inaddition,sheusesfiguresfromtheFBItoshowthatthescenariocouldreallyhappentoanyofherclassmates.Wheneveryouuseahypotheticalexample,itisagoodideatofollowitwithstatisticsortestimonytoshowthattheexampleisnotfar-fetched.

Tipsforusingexamples

1.Useexamplestoclarifyyourideas

Examplesareanexcellentwaytoclarifyunfamiliarorcomplexideas.Thisiswhysomanyteachersuseexamplesintheclassroom.Examplesputabstractideasintoconcretetermsthatlistenerscaneasilyunderstand.

Thisprincipleworksexceptionallywellinspeeches.Supposeyouaretalkingaboutsuspensionbridges,youcouldgiveatechnicaldescription

Thesuspensionbridgehasaroadwaysuspendedbyverticalcablesattachedtotwoormoremaincables.Themaincablesarehungontwotowersandhavetheirendsanchoredinconcreteorbedrock.

Ifyourlistenersweremadeupofpeoplefamiliarwithstructuralsystems,theymightbeabletovisualizewhatasuspensionbridgelookslike.Butforlistenerslackingthisbackground,youmightwanttoaddasimpleexample:

Twowell-knownsuspensionbridgesaretheGoldenBridgeinSanFranciscoandtheBrooklynBridgeinNewYork.

BecausealmosteveryonehasatleastseenapictureoftheGoldenBridgeinSanFranciscoandtheBrooklynBridgeinNewYork,usingthemasexamplesclarifiesyourmeaningquicklyandeffectively.

2.Useexamplestoreinforceyourideas

Inaspeechentitled“Boxing:

Themostdangeroussport”,thespeakerarguedthatprofessionalboxingshouldbebanned.Toreinforcehispoint,hecitedtheexampleofMuhammadAli,whosuffersaseverecaseofParkinson’sdiseasebroughtonbyhisyearsinthering.Theexampleisveryeffective.Itputthemedicalfactsaboutboxingandbraindamageinvivid,humantermsthateveryonecouldunderstand.

Whenyouuseexamples,makesureitisrepresentative.TheexampleofMuhammadAliisquiterepresentative.

3.Useexamplestopersonalizeyourideas

Peopleareinterestedinpeople.ASsocialpsychologistEliotAronsonsaid,“Mostpeoplearemoredeeplyinfluencedbyoneclear,vivid,personalexamplethanbyanabundanceofstatisticaldata.”Wheneveryoutalk,youcanincludeexamplesthatwilladdhumaninteresttoyourspeech.SEEWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGWOULDYOUBEMORELIKELYTORESPONDTO?

Therearemanyhungryfamiliesinourcommunitywhocouldbenefitfromfooddonations.

Or:

LetmetellyouaboutArturo.Arturoisfouryearsold.Hehasbigbrowneyesandamopofblackhairandanemptybelly.Inallhisfouryearsonthisearth,Arturohasneveronceenjoyedthreesquaremealsinasingleday.

Youcanalsousepersonalexamples:

personalexamplesareanexcellentwaytoclarifyideasandtobuildaudienceinterest.Tobemosteffective,theyshouldbedeliveredsincerelyandwithstrongeyecontact.

Testimony---quotationsorparaphrasesusedtosupportapoint..

Peopletendtorespecttheopinionsofpeoplewhohavespecialknowledgeorexperienceonthetopic.Byquotingorparaphrasingsuchpeople,youcangiveyourideasgreaterstrengthandimpact.Thetwomajorkindsoftestimonyareexperttestimonyandpeertestimony.

Experttestimony:

Testimonyfrompeoplewhoarerecognizedexpertsintheirfields.Itisagoodwaytolendcredibilitytoyourspeechesbycitingtheviewpointsofpeoplewhoareexperts.Itshowsthatyouarenotjustmouthingyourownopinions,butyourpositionissupportedbypeoplewhoareknowledgeableaboutthetopic.

Experttestimonyismoreimportantwhenatopiciscontroversialorwhentheaudienceisskepticalaboutaspeakers’pointofview.

AsEinsteinhasputit;

asLiSiguangsaid…

PeerTestimony

---Testimonyfromordinarypeoplewithfirsthandexperienceorinsightonatopic.

Testimonynotfromfamouspeople,butfromordinarycitizenswhohavefirsthandexperienceonthetopic.Thiskindoftestimonyisespecially