最新section214科技英语阅读与翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

最新section214科技英语阅读与翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

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contain,whichisimportanttothespecializedresearcherstowhomtheyaredirectedand,therefore,tothe

advancementofscienceandengineeringgenerally.

3.Thequalitiesoftheauthorsofmonographs

Theauthorsofmonographsshouldhaveexceptionalbreadthanddepthofknowledge,andmustbeableto

collect,collate,analyze,integrate,andsynthesizeallrelevantcontributionstothearchivalliteratureofthe

scientificandengineeringjournalsandtoaddoriginalmaterialasrequired.

4.Thedifferencesbetweenmonographsandbooksofconferenceproceedings

Monographsgenerallyarewrittenbyspecialistsforthebenefitofotherspecialists.Textbooksarepedagogical

workswhich,evenifwrittenonfairlynarrowsubjects,aredesignedtoservebroaderandmorejunior

readershipsthanspecializedresearchcommunities.

5.Thedifferencesbetweenmonographsandbooksofconferenceproceedings

Conferencepaperscommonlytaketheformofprematureannouncementsofnewscientificdiscoveries.

Conferenceproceedingsgenerallyhaveashortshelflife.

6.Themaincomponentsofamonograph

Theauthor,titleandsubtitle,dateofpublication,dustcoverorblurb,contentpages,bibliographyandindex,

illustrations,prefaceandintroduction.

7.Anindicationofthebook’ssuccess

Thenumberofeditionsisanindicationofthebook’ssuccess.

8.Thefunctionoftheblurb

Itgivesthereaderarapidoverviewofthecontentsandapproach.Itmightalsosaywhatthebookcontainsand

forwhomitiswritten.

2AcademicJournal学术期刊

1.Thegeneraldefinitionofanacademicjournal

Anacademicjournalisapeer-reviewedperiodicalinwhichscholarshiprelatingtoaparticularacademic

disciplineispublished.

2.Thesignificanceofpeer-reviewprocess

Thepeer-reviewprocessisconsideredcriticaltoestablishingareliablebodyofresearchandknowledge.

3.Thedefinitionofreviewarticles

Reviewarticles,alsocalled“reviewsofprogress”,arechecksontheresearchpublishedinjournals.

4.Onedifferencebetweenoriginalresearcharticlesandreviewarticles

Unlikeoriginalresearcharticles,reviewarticlestendtobesolicitedsubmissions,sometimesplannedyearsin

advance.

5.Theplaceswheresciencejournalsareauthoritativelyranked

NaturalsciencejournalsarecategorizedandrankedintheScienceCitationIndex,andsocialsciencejournals

intheSocialScienceCitationIndex.

6.Thepossiblequantitativefactorstoreflectanacademicjournal’sprestige

Thenumberoflaterarticlescitingarticlesalreadypublishedinthejournal,theoverallnumberofcitations,

howquicklyarticlesarecited,andtheaverage“half-life”ofarticles.

7.Thefinancialresourcesofhumanitiesandsocialscienceacademicjournals

Subsidiesbyuniversitiesorprofessionalorganizationsandadvertisingfeesbyadvertisers.

8.Theroleofinternetintheproductionof,andaccessto,academicjournals

TheInternethasrevolutionizedtheproductionof,andaccessto,academicjournals,withtheircontents

availableonlineviaservicessubscribedtobyacademiclibrariesoreveninawayofopenaccess.

3

3OrganizationofaScientificPaper科技论文的篇章结构

1.Inmostscientificjournals,scientificpapersincludethefollowingsections

SummaryorAbstract,Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgments.

2.ThecontentofSummaryorAbstract

Itgivesabriefbackgroundtothetopic,describesconciselythemajorfindingsofthepaper,andrelatesthese

findingstothefieldofstudy.

3.TheIntroductionsectiondealswiththefollowingtwopoints

Itdescribesfirsttheacceptedstateofknowledgeinaspecializedfield;

thenitfocusesmorespecificallyona

particularaspect,usuallydescribingafindingorsetoffindingsthatleddirectlytotheworkdescribedinthe

paper.

4.ThepurposeofMaterialsandMethods

Itspurposeistodescribethematerialsusedintheexperimentsandthemethodsbywhichtheexperiments

werecarriedout.

5.ThetwowaysoforganizingResults

Insomepapers,theresultsarepresentedwithoutextensivediscussion,whichisreservedforthefollowing

section.Inotherpapers,resultsaregiven,andthentheyareinterpreted,perhapstakentogetherwithother

findingsnotinthepaper,soastogivethelogicalbasisforlaterexperiments.

6.ThepurposesoftheDiscussionsection

Thedatainthepaperareinterpreted;

thefindingsofthepaperarerelatedtootherfindingsinthefield;

this

servestoshowhowthefindingscontributetoknowledge,orcorrecttheerrorsofpreviouswork;

someofthe

logicalargumentsareoftenprovidedwhenitisnecessarytoclarifywhylaterexperimentswereearnedout.

7.ThereasonforcombiningtheResultsandDiscussion

Becausethedataneedextensivediscussiontoallowthereadertofollowthetrainoflogicdevelopedinthe

courseoftheresearch.

8.ThedifferencebetweentheabstractsinScienceandthoseinNature

InScience,theabstractisself-contained;

inNature,theabstractalsoservesasabriefintroductiontothepaper.

4ReadingaScientificPaper科技论文的阅读方法

1.Theordertounderstandthemajorpointsofthework,youshouldfirstread

TheAbstract.

2.ReadingtheTitleandtheAbstractservesthreepurposes

First,itclarifieswhetheryouinfactknowenoughbackgroundtoappreciatethepaper.Second,itrefreshes

yourmemoryaboutthetopic.Third,ithelpsyouintegratethenewinformationintoyourpreviousknowledge

aboutthetopic.

3.Whenreadinginafamiliarfield,youcanskimorevenskip

TheIntroduction.

4.Thethreetypicalcodewords

Datanotshown,unpublisheddata,preliminarydata.

5.Thepoorlywrittenpapersareoftenrelatedtothreetypesofwriters

Thosewhoarepoorwriters;

thosewhodonotenjoywriting,anddonottakethetimeorefforttoensurethat

theproseisdearandlogical;

thosewhoaresofamiliarwiththematerialthatitisdifficulttostepbackandsee

itfromthepointofviewofareadernotfamiliarwiththetopic.

6.Thethreecharacteristicsof“badwriting”

First,thelogicalconnectionsareoftenleftout.Second,papersareoftenclutteredwithagreatdealofjargon.

Third,theauthorsoftendonotprovideaclearroadmapthroughthepaper.

7.Inbetterwriting,thesideissuesaredealtwithinthefollowingways

TheyarerelegatedtoFigurelegendsorMaterialsandMethodsorclearlyidentifiedassideissues,soasnotto

distractthereader.

8.Anotherproblemfacedbythereadersisthatwhentheyseektounderstandjusttheexperimentwas,

theymayfind

Theauthorsreferbacktopreviouspapers;

thesereferinturntopreviouspapersmalongchain.