土木工程外文翻译文档格式.docx

土木工程外文翻译文档格式.docx

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学院（部）：

土木建筑学院

专业班级：

学生姓名：

指导教师：

XXX助教

2012年06月02日

外文资料

安徽理工大学毕业设计（论文）

AnhuiUniversityOfScienceandTechnology

Althoughtherehavebeenmanyadvancementsinbuildingconstructiontechnologyingeneral.Spectaculararchievementshavebeenmadeinthedesignandconstructionofultrahigh-risebuildings.

Theearlydevelopmentofhigh-risebuildingsbeganwithstructuralsteelframing.Reinforcedconcreteandstressed-skintubesystemshavesincebeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedinanumberofstructuresforbothresidentialandcommercialpurposes.Thehigh-risebuildingsrangingfrom50to110storiesthatarebeingbuiltallovertheUnitedStatesaretheresultofinnovationsanddevelopmentofnewstructualsystems.

GreaterheightentailsincreasedcolumnandbeamsizestomakebuildingsmorerigidsothatunderwindloadtheywillnotswaybeyondanacceptablelimitExcessivelateralswaymaycauseseriousrecurringdamagetopartitions,ceilings.andotherarchitecturaldetails.Inaddition,excessiveswaymaycausediscomforttotheoccupantsofthebuildingbecausetheirperceptionofsuchmotion.Structuralsystemsofreinforcedconcreteaswellassteeltakefulladvantageofinherentpotentialstiffnessofthetotalbuildingandthereforerequireadditionalstiffeningtolimitthesway.

InasteelstructureforexampletheeconomycanbedefinedintermsofthetotalaveragequantityofsteelpersquarefootoffloorareaofthebuildingCurveAinFig.1representstheaverageunitweightofaconventionalframewithincreasingnumbersofstories.CurveBrepresentstheaveragesteelweightiftheframeisprotectedfromalllateralloads.Thegapbetweentheupperboundaryandthelowerboundaryrepresentsthepremiumforheightforthetraditionalcolumn-and-beamframeStructuralengineershavedevelopedstructuralsystemswithaviewtoeliminatingthispremium.

Systemsinsteel.Tallbuildingsinsteeldevelopedasaresultofseveraltypesofstructuralinnovations.Theinnovationshavebeenappliedtotheconstructionofbothofficeandapartmentbuildings.

Framewithrigidbelttrusses.Inordertotietheexteriorcolumnsofaframestructuretotheinteriorverticaltrussesasystemofrigidbelttrussesatmid-heightandatthetopofthebuildingmaybeused.AgoodexampleofthissystemistheFirstWisconsinBankBuilding（1974）inMilwaukee.

Framedtube.Themaximumefficiencyofthetotalstructureofatallbuilding,forbothstrengthandstiffnesstoresistwindloadcanbeachievedonlyifallcolumnelementcanbeconnectedtoeachotherinsuchawaythattheentirebuildingactsasahollowtubeorrigidboxinprojectingoutoftheground.Thisparticularstructuralsystemwas

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probablyusedforthefirsttimeinthe43-storyreinforcedconcreteDeWittChestnutApartmentBuildinginChicago.Themostsignificantuseofthissystemisinthetwinstructuralsteeltowersofthe110-storyWorldTradeCenterbuildinginNewYork

Column-diagonaltrusstube.Theexteriorcolumnsofabuildingcanbespacedreasonablyfarapartandyetbemadetoworktogetherasatubebyconnectingthemwith

diagonalmembersinterestingatthecentrelineofthecolumnsandbeams.ThissimpleyetextremelyefficientsystemwasusedforthefirsttimeontheJohnHancockCentreinChicago,usingasmuchsteelasisnormallyneededforatraditional40-storybuilding.

BundledtubeWiththecontinuingneedforlargerandtallerbuildings,theframedtubeorthecolumn-diagonaltrusstubemaybeusedinabundledformtocreatelargertubeenvelopeswhilemaintaininghighefficiency.The110-storySearsRoebuck

HeadquartersBuildinginChicagohasninetubebundledatthebaseofthebuildinginthreerows.Someoftheseindividualtubesterminateatdifferentheightsofthebuilding,demonstratingtheunlimitedarchitecturalpossibilitiesofthislateststructuralconcept.

TheSearstower,ataheightof1450ft（442m）,istheworld

’stallestbuilding.

Stressed-skintubesystem.Thetubestructuralsystemwasdevelopedforimproving

theresistancetolateralforces（windandearthquake）andthecontrolof

drift（lateral

buildingmovement）inhigh-risebuilding.Thestressed-skintubetakesthetubesystema

stepfurther.Thedevelopmentofthestressed-skintubeutilizesthefa?

adeofthebuilding

asastructuralelementwhichactswiththeframedtube,thusprovidinganefficientway

ofresistinglateralloadsinhigh-risebuildings,andresultingin

cost-effective

column-freeinteriorspacewithahighratioofnettogrossfloorarea.

Becauseofthecontributionofthestressed-skinfa?

ade,theframedmembersofthetuberequirelessmass,andarethuslighterandlessexpensive.Allthetypicalcolumnsandspandrelbeamsarestandardrolledshapesminimizingtheuseandcostofspecialbuilt-upmembers.Thedepthrequirementfortheperimeterspandrelbeamsisalsoreduced,andtheneedforupsetbeamsabovefloors,whichwouldencroachonvaluablespace,isminimized.Thestructuralsystemhasbeenusedonthe54-storyOneMellonBankCenterinPittburgh.

Systemsinconcrete.Whiletallbuildingsconstructedofsteelhadanearlystart,developmentoftallbuildingsofreinforcedconcreteprogressedatafastenoughratetoprovideacompetitivechanllengetostructuralsteelsystemsforbothofficeandapartmentbuildings.

Framedtube.Asdiscussedabove,thefirstframedtubeconceptfortallbuildings

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wasusedforthe43-storyDeWittChestnutApartmentBuilding.Inthisbuilding,exteriorcolumnswerespacedat5.5ft（1.68m）centers,andinteriorcolumnswereusedasneededtosupportthe8-in.-thick（20-m）flat-plateconcreteslabs.

Tubeintube.Anothersysteminreinforcedconcreteforofficebuildingscombinesthetraditionalshearwallconstructionwithanexteriorframedtube.Thesystemconsistsofanouterframedtubeofverycloselyspacedcolumnsandaninteriorrigidshearwalltubeenclosingthecentralservicearea.Thesystem（Fig.2）,knownasthetube-in-tube

system,madeitpossibletodesigntheworld’spresenttallest（714ftor218m）lightweig

concretebuilding（the52-storyOneShellPlazaBuildinginHouston）fortheunitpriceofatraditionalshearwallstructureofonly35stories.

Systemscombiningbothconcreteandsteelhavealsobeendeveloped,anexamle

ofwhichisthecompositesystemdevelopedbyskidmore,Owings&

Merrilinwhichan

exteriorcloselyspacedframedtubein

concreteenvelopsaninteriorsteelframing,

therebycombiningthe

advantagesof

bothreinforcedconcreteandstructuralsteel

systems.The52-story

OneShellSquareBuilding

inNewOrleansisbasedonthis

system.

Steel

constructionreferstoabroadrangeof

buildingconstructioninwhichsteel

playsthe

leadingrole.Moststeelconstructionconsistsoflarge-scalebuildingsor

engineeringworks,with

thesteelgenerallyintheformofbeams,girders,bars,plates,

andothermembersshapedthroughthehot-rolledprocess.Despitetheincreaseduseofothermaterials,steelconstructionremainedamajoroutletforthesteelindustriesoftheU.S,U.K,U.S.S.R,Japan,WestGerman,France,andothersteelproducersinthe1970s.Earlyhistory.ThehistoryofsteelconstructionbeginsparadoxicallyseveraldecadesbeforetheintroductionoftheBessemerandtheSiemens-Martin（openj-hearth）processesmadeitpossibletoproducesteelinquantitiessufficientforstructureuse.Manyofproblemsofsteelconstructionwerestudiedearlierinconnectionwithironconstruction,whichbeganwiththeCoalbrookdaleBridge,builtincastironovertheSevernRiverinEnglandin1777.Thisandsubsequentironbridgework,inadditiontotheconstructionofsteamboilersandironshiphulls,spurredthedevelopmentoftechniquesforfabricating,designing,andjioning.Theadvantagesofironovermasonrylayinthemuchsmalleramountsofmaterialrequired.Thetrussform,basedontheresistanceofthetriangletodeformation,longusedintimber,wastranslatedeffectivelyintoiron,withcastironbeingusedforcompressionmembers-ie,thosebearingtheweightofdirectloading-andwroughtironbeingusedfortensionmembers-ie,thosebearingthepullofsuspended

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loading.

Thetechniqueforpassingiron,heatedtotheplasticstate,betweenrollstoformflatandroundedbars,wasdevelopedasearlyas1800;

by1819angleironswererolled;

andin1849thefirstIbeams,17.7feet（5.4m）long,werefabricatedasroofgirdersforaParisrailroadstation.

TwoyearslaterJosephPaxtonofEnglandbuilttheCrystalPalacefortheLondonExpositionof1851.Heissaidtohaveconceivedtheideaofcageconstruction-usingrelativelyslenderironbeamsasaskeletonfortheglasswallsofalarge,openstructure.ResistancetowindforcesintheCrystalpalacewasprovidedbydiagonalironrods.Twofeatureareparticularlyimportantinthehistoryofmetalconstruction;

first,theuseoflatticedgirder,whicharesmalltrusses,aformfirstdevelopedintimberbridgesandotherstructuresandtranslatedintometalbyPaxton;

andsecond,thejoiningofwrought-irontensionmembersandcast-ironcompressionmembersbymeansofrivetsinsertedwhilehot.

In1853thefirstmetalfloorbeamswererolledfortheCooperUnionBuildinginNewYork.Inthelightoftheprincipalmarketdemandforironbeamsatthetime,itisnotsurprisingthattheCooperUnionbeamsclose