旅游英语课件 TourismWord下载.docx
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3.Thegovernmentofthehostcommunityorarea.Politiciansviewtourismasawealthfactorintheeconomyoftheirjurisdictions.Theirperspectiveisrelatedtotheincomestheircitizenscanearnfromthisbusiness.Politiciansalsoconsidertheforeignexchangereceiptsfrominternationaltourismaswellasthetaxreceiptscollectedfromtouristexpenditures,eitherdirectlyorindirectly.
4.Thehostcommunity.Localpeopleusuallyseetourismasaculturalandemploymentfactor.Ofimportancetotheirgroup,forexample,istheeffectoftheinteractionbetweenlargenumbersofinternationalvisitorsandresidents.Thiseffectmabebeneficialofharmful,orboth.
Thus,tourismmaybedefinedasthesumofthephenomenaandrelationshipsarisingfromtheinteractionoftourists,businesssuppliers,hostgovernments,andhostcommunitiesintheprocessofattractingandhostingthesetouristsandothervisitors.
Tourismisacompositeofactivities,services,andindustriesthatdeliversatravelexperience:
transportation,accommodations,eatinganddrinkingestablishments,shops,entertainment,activityfacilities,andotherhospitalityservicesavailableforindividualsorgroupsthataretravelingawayfromhome.Itencompassesallprovidersofvisitorandvisitor-relatedservices.Tourismistheentireworldindustryoftravel,hotels,transportation,andallothercomponents,includingpromotion,thatservestheneedsandwantsoftravelers.Finally,tourismisthesumtotaloftouristexpenditureswithinthebordersofanationorapoliticalsubdivisionoratransportation-centeredeconomicareaofcontiguousstatesornations.Thiseconomicconceptalsoconsiderstheincomemultiplierofthesetouristexpenditures.
Onehasonlytoconsiderthemultidimensionalaspectsoftourismanditsinteractionswithotheractivitiestounderstandwhyitisdifficulttocomeupwithameaningfuldefinitionthatwillbeuniversallyaccepted.Eachofthemanydefinitionsthathavearisenisaimedatfittingaspecialsituationandsolvinganimmediateproblem,andthelackofuniformdefinitionshashamperedstudyoftourismasdiscipline.Developmentofafielddependson
(1)uniformdefinitions,
(2)description,(3)analysis,(4)predictions,and(5)control.
Moderntourismisadisciplinethathasonlyrecentlyattractedtheattentionofscholarsfrommanyfields.Themajorityofstudieshavebeenconductedforspecialpurposesandhaveusednarrowoperationaldefinitionstosuitparticularneedsofresearchersorgovernmentofficials;
thesestudieshavegotencompassedasystemsapproach.Consequently,manydefinitionsof“tourism”and“thetourist”arebasedondistancetraveled,thelengthoftimespent,andthepurposeofthetrip.Thismakesitdifficulttogatherstatisticalinformationthatscholarscanusetodevelopadatabase,describethetourismphenomenon,anddoanalyes.Theproblemisnottrivial.Ithasbeentackledbyanumberofaugustbodiesovertheyears,includingtheLeagueofNations,theunitedNations,theWorldTourismOrganization(WTO),theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),theNationalTourismResourcesReviewCommission,andtheU.S.Senate’sNationalTourismPolicyStudy.
WorldTourismOrganization
TheinternationalConferenceofTravelandTourismStatisticsconvenedbytheWorldTourismOrganization(WTO)inOttawa,Canada,in1991reviewed,updated,andexpandedontheworkofearlierinternationalgroups.TheottawaConferencemadesomefundamentalrecommendationsofdefinitionsoftourism,travelersandtourists.TheUnitedNationsStatisticalCommissionadoptedWTO’recommendationsontourismstatisticsonMarch4,1993.
Tourism
WTOhastakentheconceptoftourismbeyondastereotypicalimageof“holiday-making.”Theofficiallyaccepteddefinitionis:
Tourismcomprisestheactivitiesofpersonstravelintoandstayinginplacesoutsidetheirusualenvironmentfornotmorethanoneconsecutiveyearforleisure,businessandotherpurposes.”Thetermusualenvi-ronmentisintendedtoexcludetripswithintheareaofusualresidenceandfrequentandregulartripsbetweenthedomicileandtheworkplaceandothercommunitytripsofaroutinecharacter.
1.Internationaltourism:
a.Inboundtourism:
visitstoacountrybynonresidents.
b.Outboundtourism:
visitsbyresidentsofacountrytoanothercountry.
2.Internaltourism:
visitsbyresidentsofacountrytotheirowncountry.
3.Domestictourism:
internaltourismplusinboundtourism(thetourismmarketofaccommodationfacilitiesandattractionswithinacountry).
4.Nationaltourism:
Internaltourismplusoutboundtourism(theresidenttourismmarketfortravelagentsandairlines).
TravelerTerminologyforInternationalTourism
Underlyingtheforegoingconceptualizationoftourismistheoverallconceptoftraveler,definedas“anypersononatripbetweentwoormorecountriesorbetweentwoormorelocalitieswithinhis/hercountryofusualresidence.”Alltypesoftravelersengagedintourismaredescribedasvisitors,atermthatconstitutesthebasicconceptoftheentiresystemoftourismstatistics.Visitorsarepersonswhotraveltoacountryotherthantheoneinwhichtheygenerallyresideforaperiodnotexceeding12months,whosemainpurposeisotherthantheexerciseofanactivityremuneratedfromwithintheplacevisited.Visitorsaresubdividedintotwocategories:
1.Same-dayvisitors:
visitorswhodonotspendthenightinacollectiveorprivateaccommodationinthecountryvisited:
forexample,acruiseshippassengerspendingfourhoursinaport.
2.Tourists:
Visitorswhostayinthecountryvisitedforatleastonenight:
forexample,avisitoronatwo-weekvacation.
Therearemanypurposesforavisit,notablypleasure,business,andotherpurposes,suchasfamilyreasons,health,andtransit.
Words
chairliftanapparatuswhichcarriespeopleupandsownsteepslopesinchairsthathangfromamovingwire升降椅;
空中缆椅
camperamotorvehiclebigenoughtoliveinwhenonholiday,use.Havingcookingequipmentandbedsinthebackpart野营车
motorbikeamotorcycle摩托车
psychicofthemindasopposedtothebody精神上的
jurisdictiontherighttousethepowerofanofficialbody,esp.inordertomakedecisionsonquestionsoflaw管辖权;
司法权,审判权
compositesomethingmadeupofdifferentpartsormaterials混合物,合成物
encompasstoincludeorbeconcernedwith(awiderangeofactivities,subjects,ideas)包含,包括;
涉及
subdivisiontheactofdividingsomethingthathasalreadybeendivided,orthepartsthatresultfromdoingthis再分,细分
contiguous(to,with)touching,next(to);
havingasharedborde(正式)接触着的,接近的;
接壤的
multidimensional多维的
hampertocausedifficultyinmovementoractivity阻碍,妨碍;
牵制
trivialoflittleworthorimportance琐碎的,没有价值的
augustlitnobleandgrand威严的;
高贵的
convenetocall(agroupofpeople,committee)tomeet召集(会议);
召集开会
stereotypicalasinanoverlysimplepictureoropinionofperson,group,orthing老套的,旧框框的
consecutivefollowinginregularunbrokenorder连续的,连贯的
domicileformalorlawaperson’shome;
theplacewhereapersonlivesorisconsideredtoliveforofficialpurposes[法]户籍,正式居住地,信处
workplacetheroomrbuildinginwhichworkersperformtheirwork工作场所;
工厂;
车间
inboundAmEincoming;
inwardbound进来的
outboundmowingswayfromthespeakerorthestartingpoint外出的,离开出发点
underlietobeahiddenmeaningorcauseof位于……之下;
成为……基础
foregoing(theone)thathasbeenmentioned前面的(事物),刚提到的(事物)
conceptualizationsomethingthatformaconceptorconceptsof概念化
remuneratetoreward;
pay(someone)forworkortrouble(正式)给……报酬;
补偿
transitthegoingormovingofpeopleorgoodsfromoneplacetoanother通行;
过境
AdditionalReading
TextAMassTourism
TheHistoricalSetting
TourismharksbacktotheconquestofAlexandertheGreat(356-323BC)andthesubsequentdevelopmentoftheHellenisticurbansystem.Itisarguedthattourismrequiresbothlargeclaustrophobiccitiesandthemeanstoescapefromthem,bothofwhichwerepresentinGreeceduringth