职称英语理工类阅读理解及完形填空新增文章打印版Word文件下载.docx
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SomePeopleDoNotTasteSaltLikeOthers
第四十六篇(A级):
MarvelousMetamaterials
第二篇
Inafindingthatmayspeedeffortstoconserveoil,scientistsinKuwaitpredictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014.Thispredictionisalmostadecadeearlierthansomeotherpredictions.TheirstudyisinACS’Energy&
Fuels1.
IbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthatrapidgrowthinglobaloilconsumptionhassparkedagrowinginterestinpredicting"
peakoil"
."
Peakoil"
isthepointwhereoilproductionreachesamaximumandthendeclines.Scientistshavedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispoint,andsomeputthedateat2020orlater.OneofthemostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbertmodel2.Itassumesthatglobaloilproductionwillfollowabellshapedcurve3.Arelatedconceptisthat4of"
PeakOil."
Theterm"
PeakOil"
indicatesthemomentinwhichworldwideproductionwillpeak,afterwardstostartonirreversibledecline.
TheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoilproductionwouldpeakintheUnitedStatesin1970.Themodelhassincegainedinpopularityandhasbeenusedtoforecastoilproductionworldwide.
However,recentstudiesshowthatthemodelisinsufficienttoaccountfor5morecomplexoilproductioncyclesofsomecountries.Thosecyclescanbeheavilyinfluencedbytechnologychanges,politics,andotherfactors,thescientistssay.
ThenewstudydescribesdevelopmentofanewversionoftheHubbertmodelthatprovidesamorerealisticandaccurateoilproductionforecast.Usingthenewmodel,thescientistsevaluatedtheoilproductiontrendsof47majoroil-producingcountries,whichsupplymostoftheworld’sconventionalcrudeoil6.Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014,yearsearlierthananticipated.Thescientistsalsoshowedthattheworld’soilreserves7arebeingreducedatarateof2.1percentayear.Thenewmodelcouldhelpinformenergy-relateddecisionsandpublicpolicydebate,theysuggest.
练习:
1.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword"
sparked"
appearinginparagraph2?
A.flashed
B.stimulated
C.changed
D.ended
2.Theterm"
abellshapedcurve"
appearinginparagraph2indicatesthatglobaloilproductionwill
A.taketheshapeofaflatcurve.
B.keepgrowing.
C.keepdeclining.
D.starttodeclineafterglobaloilproductionpeaks.
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheHubbertmodel?
A.ItsuccessfullypredictedthatoilproductionpeakedintheU.S.in1970.
B.Ithasbeenusedtopredictoilproductioninmanycountries.
C.Itisinsufficienttoexplainoilproductioncyclesinsomecountries.
D.Itprovidesaveryrealisticandaccurateoilproduction.
4.Whatisthemajorachievementofthenewstudymentionedinthelastparagraph?
A.Itpredictsglobaloilproductionwillpeakin2014.
B.Itpredictsoilproductionwilldeclinein47countries.
C.ItconfirmsfurthertheeffectivenessoftheHubbertmodel.
D.Itdiscoversanewgendofworldwideoilproduction.
5.WhodevelopthenewversionoftheHubbertmodel?
A.Americanscientists.
B.Kuwaitiscientists.
C.Britishscientists.
D.Scientistsof47majoroil-producingcountries.
第六篇
IntheSierraMadremountainrangeofwestcentralMexico1,thenativeHuicholpeople2livemuchthewaytheirancestorsdid-withoutelectricity.That'
sbecauseit'
stooexpensivetostringpowerlines3totheremotemountainareaswheretheylive.Tohelpsupportthemselves,theHuicholcreatebeautifulartwork.Theyselltheirartincitieshundredsofmilesawayfromtheirvillages.Andwithoutelectricity-athomeorontheroad,theycanonlyworkduringdaylighthours.Whenitgetsdark,theymuststopwhateverthey’redoing.
Now,ateamofscientists,designers,andarchitectsisusing4newtechnologiestoprovidetheHuicholwithlightafterthesunsetsThescientists'
techniqueinvolvesweavingtinyelectroniccrystalsintofabricsthatcanbemadeintoclothes,bags,orotheritems.
Bycollectingthesun’senergyduringtheday,theselightweightfabricsprovidebrightwhitelightatnight.Theirinventorshavenamedthefabrics"
PortableLights."
PortableLightshavethepotentialtotransformthelivesofpeoplewithoutelectricityaroundtheworld,saysprojectleaderSheilaKennedy.
“Ourinvention,”Kennedysays,“camefromseeinghowwecouldtransformtechnologywesaweverydayintheUnitedStatesandmoveitintonewmarketsforpeoplewhodidn’thavealotofmoney.”
Atthecoreof5PortableLighttechnologyaredevicescalledhigh-brightnesslight-emittingdiodes,orHBLEDs6.Thesetinylightsappearindigitalclocks,televisions,andstreetlights.
LEDsarecompletelydifferentfromthelightbulbs.Mostofthoseglassbulbsbelongtoatypecalledincandescentlights.Inside,electricityheatsametalcoiltoabout2,200degreesCelsius.Atthattemperature,bulbsgiveofflightwecansee.
Ninetypercentofenergyproducedbyincandescentlights,however,isheat-andinvisible.Withallthatwastedenergy,bulbsbumoutquickly.Theyarealsoeasilybroken.
LEDs,ontheotherhand,areliketinypiecesofrockmadeupofmoleculesthatarearrangedinacrystalstructure.WhenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughanLED,thecrystalstructureproduceslight.Unlikeincandescentbulbs,theycanproducelightofvariouscolors.WithinanLED,thetypeofmoleculesandtheirparticulararrangementdetermineswhatcolorisproduced.
1.Tomakealiving,theHuicholcreateartworkand
A.sellittotouristsintheirvillages.
B.sellitincitiesfarawayfromtheirvillages.
C.displayitintheirvillagemuseum.
D.keepitintheirhomestoattracttourists.
2.WhyCanPortableLightsemitlight?
A.Electroniccrystalsarewovenintofabrics.
B.Itemssuchasclothesandbagsareusedtocarrylights.
C.Thesun’senergyiscollectedduringtheday.
D.Alloftheabove.
3.WhatdoesSheilaKennedysayaboutPortableLights?
A.ThisinventionCanchangethelivesofpeople,bothrichandpoor.
B.TheyarewidelyusedintheUnitedStates.
C.PortableLightscanhelppoorpeoplearoundtheworldtogetlight.
D.Theyareexpensivetomakebuteasytocarry.
4.WhatisthemostimportantpartofthePortableLighttechnology?
A.HBLEDs
B.GlassBulbs.
C.Incandescentlights.
D.Heatedmetalcoils.
5.LEDsaredifferentfromlightbulbsinthat
A.LEDsaleincandescentlightswhilelightbulbsarenot.
B.LEDshaveametalcoilwhilelightbulbshavenot.
C.LEDsemitcoloredlightwhilemostfightbulbsdon’t.
D.LEDsaremadeupoftinypiecesofrockwhilelightbulbsarenot.
第三十四篇
Whatdochickenpox,thecommoncold,theflu,andAIDShaveincommon?
They'
realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tinymicroorganismsthatcanpassfrompersontoperson.It’snowonder1thatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses,findingwaystosteerclearof2virusesiswhat'
sonpeople'
sminds.
Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarriers,though3.InCambridge,Massachusetts4,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomevirusescanbehelpfulinanunusualway.Theyareputtingvirusestowork,teachingthemtobuildsomeoftheworld’ssmallestrechargeablebatteries.
Virusesandbatteriesmayseemlikeanunusualpair,butthey'
renotsostrangeforengineerAngelaBelcher,whofirstcameupwith5theidea.AttheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge,sheandhercollaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecaseofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowaboutbiology,technologyandproductiontechniques.
Belcher’steamincludesPaulaHammond,whohelpsputtogetherthetinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery."
We'
reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon’tassociatewithnature,"
saysHammond.
Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA,CandDbatteries6inyourhand.Thecoin-likebatteriesthatpowerwatchesareoftensmallerthanapenny.However,everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayersorcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink,ordinarybakerieswon’tbesmallenoughtofitinside.
Theidealbatterywillstorealotofenergyinasmallpackage.Rightnow,Belcher’smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslikearegularwatchbattery.Butinside,itscomponentsareverysmall-sotinyyoucanonlyseethemwithapowerfulmicroscope.
Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?
Togetsomeideaofthesize,pluckonehairfromyourhead.Placeyourhaironapieceofwhitepaperandtrytoseehowwideyourhairis-prettythin,right?
Althoughthewidthofeachperson’shairisabitdifferent,youcouldprobablyfitabout10ofthesevirus-builtbatteryparts,sidetoside,acrossonehair.Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses7.
1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peopletryto
A.killmicroorganismsrelatedtochickenpox,theflu,etc.
B.keepthemselvesawayfromvirusesbecausetheyareinvisible.
C.stayawayfromvirusesbecausetheyarecausesofvariousdiseases.
D.curethemselvesofvirus-relateddiseasesbytakingmedicines.
2.WhatisBelcher’steamdoingatpresent?
A.Itisfindingwaystogetridofviruses..
B.Itismass-producingmicrobatteries.
C.Itismakingbatterieswit