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Asneverbeforeintheirlongstory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnational
competitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthat
moveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainand
maintaincompetitiveadvantages.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflow
ofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforcefor
globalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.
Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecome
Moreself-consciousyglobal:
seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentire
rangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,
offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative
(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.
Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.0percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2994.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesidgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.
Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,2000participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(实习)abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunityandprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.
Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;
Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconducingfromaword-classscientistandhisU.S.team.
Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledoftheworldintheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheinternetinfrastructure(基础设施)andapplicationssoftwareof
the1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:
SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,and
Route128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofhismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.
Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearchuniversitymodel.Mostpoliticianrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnational
Economicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationssincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.
Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.Universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericansuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.
MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.Theyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentsandlikeimmigrantsthroughouthistory-strengththenation;
andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍视)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewInstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent–dayuniversitieshavebecome
A.moreandmoreresearch-oriented
B.in-servicetrainingorganizations
C.morepopularizedthaneverbefore
D.apowerfulforceforglobalintegration
2.Overthepastthreedecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased
A.by2.5millionB.by800,000
C.atanannualrateof3.9percent
D.atanannualrateof8percent
3.IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?
A.10%B.20%C.30%D.38%
4.HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareers?
A.Theyorganizeaseriesofseminarsonworldeconomy
B.Theyofferthemvariouscoursesininternationalpolitics
C.TheyarrangeforthemtoparticipateintheErasmusprogram
D.Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship
5.Anexampleillustratingthegeneraltrendofuniversities’globalizationis
A.Yale’scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearch
B.Yale’shelpingChineseuniversitiestolaunchresearchprojects
C.Yale’sstudentexchangeprogramwithEuropeaninstitutions
D.Yale’sestablishingbranchcampusesthroughouttheworld
6.WhatdowelearnaboutSiliconValleyfromthepassage?
A.IthousesmanycompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard
B.ItisknowntobethebirthplaceofMicrosoftCompany
C.ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity
D.ItiswheretheInternetinfrastructurewasbuiltup
7.WhatissaidabouttheU.S.federalfundingforresearch?
A.Ithasincreasedby3percent
B.Ithasbeenunsteadyforyears
C.Ithasbeenmorethansufficient
D.Itdoubledbetween1998and2003
8.ThedramaticdeclineintheenrollmentofforeignstudentsintheU.SafterSeptember11wascausedby
9.ManyAmericansfearthatAmericancompetivenessmaybethreatenedbyforeignstudentswhowill
10.ThepolicyofwelcomingforeignstudentscanbenefittheU.S.inthattheverybestofthemwillstayand
PartⅢListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Direction:
Inhissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
11.A)Sheusedtobeinpoorhealth.C)Shewassomewhatoverweight
B)Shewaspopularamongboys.D)Shedidn’tdowellathighschool.
12.A)Atheairport.C)Inabookingoffice.
B)Inarestaurant.D)Atthehotelreception.
13.A)Teachinghersonbyherself.C)Askingtheteacherforextrahelp.
B)Havingconfidenceinherson.D)Tellinghersonnottoworry.
14.A)Haveashortbreak.C)Continueherworkoutdoors.
B)Taketwoweeksoff.D)Goonvacationwiththeman.
15.A)Heistakingcareofthistwinbrother.C)HeisworriedaboutRod’shealth.
C)Hehabeenfeelingillallweek.D)Hehasbeeninperfectcondition.
16.